Term
Prokaryote Colony Shape Staphylo |
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Definition
Cluster of rod-shaped cells bacillus - rod shaped [image] |
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Term
Prokaryote Colony Shape Strepto |
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Definition
Cluster of spherical-shaped cells coccus - spherical shaped [image] |
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Term
Prokatyote Characteristic Capsule |
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Definition
| water retaining material around cell |
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Term
Prokaryote Characteristic Fimbria |
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Definition
- shorter than flagellum
- used to adhere to one another (pilus)
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Term
Prokaryote Genome Characterstics DNA Characteristics
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Definition
Ring-shaped single stranded circular central region of cell (nucleoid) |
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Term
Prokaryote Genome Characteristics Plasmids |
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Definition
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Term
Prokaryote Genome Characteristics Horizontal Transfer |
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Definition
| transfer through plasmids of genes to something that orginally did not have them |
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Term
Prokaryote Reproduction Sexual or Asexual?
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Definition
Asexual. offspring is generally identical mitosis only |
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Term
Prokaryote Reproduction Binary Fission |
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Definition
Asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms [image] |
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Term
Prokaryote Characteristic Endospores |
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Definition
| resistant structure that allows them to lie dormant for periods |
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Term
Prokaryote Nutrional Modes Autotrophic |
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Definition
| produces organic compounds from simple inorganic molecules and an external source of energy; such as light or chemical reactions. |
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Term
Prokaryote Nutrional Modes heterotrophic |
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Definition
| requires organic substrates to get its carbon for growth & development |
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Term
Prokaryote Nutrional Modes Chemotrophs |
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Definition
| organisms that obtain energy by the oxidation of electron donating molecules in their enviornment |
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Term
Prokaryote Nutrional Modes Chemoautotrophs |
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Definition
| in addition to deriving energy from chemical reactions, syntesize all necessary organic compounds from chemical reactions. |
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Term
Prokaryote Oxygen Relationships Aerobic |
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Definition
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Term
Prokaryote Oxygen Relationships Anaerobic |
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Definition
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Term
Prokaryote Oxygen Relationships Strict |
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Definition
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Term
Prokaryote Oxygen Relationships facultative |
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Definition
| capable of adapting to different conditions. |
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Term
Prokaryote Oxygen Relationships Obligate |
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Definition
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Term
Prokaryote Ecological Relationships free-living |
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Definition
| does not require prescence of another organism |
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Term
Prokaryote Ecological Relationship Pathogenic |
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Definition
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Term
Prokaryote Ecological Relationship mutualistic |
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Definition
| beneficial (e-coli, decomposers, etc) |
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Term
Prokaryote Diversity (sample) Domain Archaea how many kingdoms? |
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Definition
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Term
Prokaryote Diversity (sample) Archaea Extremophiles |
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Definition
lives in extreme conditions (thermophiles, halophiles, etc...) |
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Term
Prokaryote Diversity (sample) Arhaea Methanogens |
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Definition
Strict anerobes decomposers ....non-extreme archeans* |
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Term
Prokaryote Diversity (sample) Domain Bacteria |
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Definition
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Term
Prokaryote Diversity (sample) Bacteria Cynobacteria |
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Definition
oz producing, photosynthetic, structure similar to chloroplasts [image] |
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Term
Prokaryote Diversity (sample) Bacteria Alpha Proteobacteria |
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Definition
Purple green bacteria (similar to mitochondria) Ex. Nitrogen fixing bacteria |
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Term
Prokaryote Diversity (sample) Bacteria Mycoplasims |
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Definition
smallest of all living cells, flexible shape, no cell wall, free-living pathogens |
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Term
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Definition
4 kingdoms plants animals fungi protists |
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Term
Domain Eukarya Characterstics Reproduction? |
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Definition
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Term
Domain Eukarya Characteristics Haploid (2N) |
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Definition
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Term
Domain Eukarya Characteristics Diploid (2N) |
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Definition
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Term
Domain Eukarya Characteristics homologous chromosomes |
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Definition
| nonidentical chromosomes that contain information for the same biological features but different genetic information (maternal and paternal) |
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Term
Domain Eukarya Characteristics Mitosis |
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Definition
2N -> 2N Division produces identical daughter cell replication plus 1 division mutation can occur [image] |
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Term
Domain Eukarya Characteristics Meiosis |
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Definition
1 replication + 2 divisions; 2N -> N a single parent diploid cell (Both homologous chromosomes) divides to produce four daughter haploids cells (One homologous chromosome of the pair). [image] |
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Term
Domain Eukarya Characteristics Meiosis Variation Idependent Assortment |
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Definition
mix of maternal and paternal chromosomes. while connected in synapes, crossing over of genetic information can occur. |
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Term
Domain Eukarya Characteristics Gamete |
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Definition
- sex cell,
- haploid (N),
- produced by meiosis or mitosis
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Term
Domain Eukarya Characteristics Zygote |
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Definition
- diploid (2N)
- result of gametes fusing
- fertilized
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Term
Domain Eukarya Characteristics Syngamy |
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Definition
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Term
Domain Eukarya Characteristics During Reproduction Spores |
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Definition
- spores can be resting, dormant, or resistant
- always grow, mature, or divide before fusion
- asexual or sexual
- N or 2N
- not a gamete
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
fungi and some protists "zygote undergoes meiosis" [image] |
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Term
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Definition
Animals and Some Protists "gametes produced by meiosis" [image] |
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Term
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Definition
plants and some protists "spores produced by meiosis" "alteration of generations" [image] |
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Term
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Definition
| the development of a single kind of asexual spores |
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Term
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Definition
| the development of both microspores and megaspores |
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Term
Kingdom Protista how many groups? how many phyla? |
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Definition
- 9 + monophyletic groups
- 19 + phyla
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Term
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Definition
2 nuclei parasitic flagellates ex: giardia intestinalis - can cause diaharria in mammals [image] |
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Term
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Definition
parabasel organ prasitic flagellate ex: tichomonas veginalis - STD [image][image] |
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Term
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Definition
kinetoplast heterotrophs (some are parasitic) flagellates parasitic and free living spp(multiple species) [image] |
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Term
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Definition
- photosynthetic (mast)
- ex: euglena (nominate)
- red spot = stigma - absorbs light
- (pos. phototaxis) light dictates shape of red spot and movement of flagellum pulls them
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
- dinoflagellates
- most spin
- red tide
- exists in symbiotic relationships
- Gymnodinum
- cellulose
- whirl
- [image]
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Term
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Definition
- apical complex
- parasites (spore-forming)
- malaria
- plasmodium
[image] |
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Term
Life Cycle of Apicomplexa (malaria) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
ciliates ex: paramecium multimicronucleatum [image] |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Phylum Ciliophora Euplotes |
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Definition
cirrus (cirri) - tufts of cilli are fused together membrane - sheetlike [image] |
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Term
Phylum Ciliophora Vorticella |
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Definition
myoneme - contractile filament [image] |
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Term
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Definition
- diatoms
- unicellular and photosynthetic
- marine and freshwater
- silicious frustule (glass-like cell wall)
- centric (circle) or pennate (longerish)
- gametic meiosis - gradual reduction in size to about 1/3 of original, then it starts sexual reproduction [image]
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Term
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Definition
- brown algae
- Characteristics
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
- Red Algae
- usually exists in very deep and cold water
- ex: hgar, carrageenan emulsifier
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Term
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Definition
heterotrophs pseudopodia - lope like, lopodia phagocytosis ectoplasm endoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
reaching out and engulfing food ex: amoebas |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- forams
- calcareous tests CaCO3
- chalk deposits
- chambered
- can be several cm
- ooze -> calcareous sediment
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
- silicious tests (SiO2)
- pores for psuedopods
- axopodia - structures that extend
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- plasmodial Slime molds
- plasmodium - multinucleate "supercell"
- can be 1/3 acre
- engulfs small organisms
- complex life cycle
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
cellular slime molds [image] |
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Term
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Definition
- Green Algae
- photosynthetic
- unicellular
- colonial (no specialization except reproduction)
- filamentous, sheet-like, etc...
- ex: volvox
[image] |
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Term
Phylum Chlorophyta Reproduction |
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Definition
piece breaks off into cell; it grows and goes through mitosis |
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Term
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Definition
unicellular green algae bloom has red spot for phototaxis [image] |
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Term
Kingdom Fungi Characteristics |
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Definition
- Heterotrophic
- Exonenzymes - An enzyme, such as a digestive enzyme, that functions outside the cell from which it originates.
- absorpitive
- decomposers (saprobic)
- parasites
- mutualists
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Term
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Definition
- Cell walls - chitin (A tough, protective, semitransparent substance, primarily a nitrogen-containing polysaccharide, forming the principal component of arthropod exoskeletons and the cell walls of certain fungi.)
- yeast - single celled
- hypa(ae) - multicellular thread
- septate or caenocytic (a spetate)
- mycelium
- haustera (penetrate host cells)
- spores - dispersal, dormancy, rerpod, N or 2N, asexual or sexual
- fruiting body - mushrooms
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Term
Kingdom Fungi Charactersitic Septate |
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Definition
- Divided by a septum or septa.
- septum - A thin partition or membrane that divides two cavities or soft masses of tissue in an organism
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Term
Kingdom Fungi Characteristic Coenocytic |
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Definition
- multinucleate cytoplasmic mass enclosed by a single cell wall, as in slime molds and certain fungi and algae
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Term
Kingdom Fungi Characteristic Life Cycle Type?
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- Kingdom Fungi
- water molds - chytrids
- motile cells
- water and soils
- flagellated spores
- saprobic or parasitic
- zoospores
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
- Kingdom Fungi
- bread molds, etc...
- zygasporangium
- "mycos" - cap
- Mycology
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
- living in or being an environment rich in organic matter but lacking oxygen
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Term
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Definition
- Kingdom Fungi
- most = endomycorrhizael
- mutualists
[image]
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
- Kingdom Fungi
- sac fungi
- ascus
- septate
- hyphae
- asocarp
- ex:
- dutch elm disease
- chestnut blight
- morel
- truffle
- claviceps pupurea -ergot, ergotism
- bread yeast
- brewer's yeast
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Term
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Definition
- A membranous, often club-shaped structure in which typically eight ascospores are formed through sexual reproduction of ascomycetes.
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Term
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Definition
- composite organisms = mycobiont & photobiont
- symbiosis
- exists mutualism or controlled parasitism
- crustose
- foliose
- fruticose
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Term
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Definition
| a fungal “partner” in a symbiosis |
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Term
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Definition
| one or more photosynthetic partners in a symbiosis |
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Term
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Definition
| Symbiosis is a situation in which two or more organisms (called symbionts) spend an important part of their life together. Usually, at least one of the organisms benefits from this association, to the point that the association is necessary for the organism's survival. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- lacking in sexual reproduction
- includes: plant diseases, animal diseases, penicillium
- some produce asexual spores - condia
- pioneer organisms
- enviornmental organisms
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Term
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Definition
- an organism that populates a region after a natural disaster or any other event that may have caused most life in that area to disappear
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Term
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Definition
- An asexually produced fungal spore, formed on a conidiophore. Most conidia are dispersed by the wind and can endure extremes of cold, heat, and dryness. When conditions are favorable, they germinate and grow into hyphae.
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Term
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Definition
- The long, branching filaments of which the mycelium (and the greater part of the plant) of a fungus is formed. They are also found enveloping the gonidia of lichens, making up a large part of their structure.[image]
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Term
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Definition
Zygosporangium formation between two different hyphal strands. Contained within is the zygote. Meiosis will occur in the zygote to restore the haploid chromosome number characteristic of the fungal lifecycle. [image] |
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Term
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Definition
- An ascocarp, or ascoma (plural: ascomata), is the fruiting body (sporocarp) of an ascomycete fungus. It consists of very tightly interwoven hyphae and may contain millions of asci, each of which contains typically eight ascospores.
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- Kingdom Fungi
- club fungi
- basidium
- mushrooms and toadstools
- dikaryotic hyphae only
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
- a microscopic, spore-producing structure found on the hymenophore of fruiting bodies of basidiomycete fungi[image]
[image][image][image] |
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Term
Phylum Basidiomycota Reproduction |
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Definition
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Term
Kingdom Plantae Characteristics |
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Definition
- photosythesis
- sporic meiosis
- dominant gametophyte--->dominant sporophyte
- cell wall - cellulose
- vascular and nonvascular
- seeds & no seeds
- movement by growth
- some w/ flagellated sperm
- no locomotion
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- Kingdom Plantae
- non-vascular
- dom. gametophyte
- flag. sperm (H2O)
- moist habitats
- small
- true mosses
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
| Non-vascular plants have no roots, stems, or leaves, since each of these structures is defined by containing vascular tissue. |
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Term
Phylum Bryophyta Life Cycle |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- Kingdom Plantae
- liverworts "doctrine of signatures"
- dichotomous branching
- thallus (sheet-like)
- lobed
- asexual production
- gemma(i) dispersed by water splash
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
- Kingdom Plantae
- Anthoceros (nominate)
- thalluse
- dehiscence ( splits open like a bananna and spores come out)
- seedless vascular
- dominant sporophyte (terestial life)
- gametophyta - sometimes independent, dependent, photosynthetic
- Tissue Systems & plant organs
- Shoot
- leaves
- mierophylls (small leaves)
- megaphylls (big leaves)
- stems
- homospory-heterospory
- seedless
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
Kingdom Plantae True Ferns advantitious roots - grows in the wrong place
rachis - circinate vernation - uncoils
epiphytes terrestial rossette
aquatic, climbing, etc...
rhizome - stem grows from ground, not a root
[image]
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Term
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Definition
| An epiphyte is an organism that grows upon or attached to a living plant |
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Term
Phylum Pterophyta Life Cycle
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a group of organisms with the same name |
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Term
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Definition
| the way we group organisms |
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Term
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Definition
- evolutionary history
- make groupings based on phylogeny
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- highest taxonomic rank of organisms
- Eukarya
- Bacteria
- Archaea
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Term
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Definition
- in Domain Eukarya: K. Animalia, K. Fungi, K. Plantae, K. Protista
- in Domain Bacteria: K. Eubacteria
- in Domain Archaea: K. Archaebacteria
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Term
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Definition
| a taxonomic group comprising of a single common acestor and all the descendants of that ancestor |
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Term
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Definition
| All descendents from a common ancestor |
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Term
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Definition
| some descendants but not all come from a common ancestor |
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Term
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Definition
| a taxonomic group composed of unrelated organisms descended from more than one ancestor |
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Term
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Definition
| characteristic that is old or ancestoral |
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Term
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Definition
| shared characteristic that is old or ancestoral |
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Term
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Definition
| derived characteristics that arose relatively late (recent) |
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Term
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Definition
| shared characteristic derived in recent history |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| derived from same common ancestor |
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Term
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Definition
| common characteristics from actions, not ancestry |
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Term
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Definition
- paraphyletic groups are ok
- different rates of evolution
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Term
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Definition
- holophyletic only
- branching pattern is exercised
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