Term
|
Definition
| Carbon-containing molecules including lipids and macromolecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Large complex compounds including carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Molecules with predominantly hydrogen-carbon bonds. They are poorly soluble in water and have nonpolar bonds due to the similar electronegativity between hydrogen and carbon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Amino, Carbonyl, Carboxyl, Hydroxyl, Methyl, Phosphate, Sulfate, Sulfhydrl |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Two structures with identical molecular formulas but different structures and characteristics. Two types: Structural isomers and Stereoisomers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Two molecules that contain the same atoms but in different bonding relationships |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Two molecules that have identical bonding relationships but different spatial positioning of the atoms. Two types: Geometric isomers and Enantiomers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Differing positions of two atoms relating to the side of the carbon they are attached to. If the atoms are on the same side they are called "cis" and if they are on opposite sides they are "trans" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A pair of molecules that are mirror images of each other |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Large molecules that are formed by linking together many smaller monomers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Macromolecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Simple sugars. The most common types are pentose (ribose and deoxyribose) and hexose (glucose, fructose, and galactose) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Carbohydrates composed of two sugars. Example: Sucrose, which is made of a glucose molecule and a fructose molecule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Long polymers of many carbohydrates, including starch and glycogen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A polysaccharide made up of thousands of alpha-D-glucose molecules and found in plant cells that are used to store energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A polysaccharide made up of thousands of alpha-D-glucose molecules and found in animal cells that are used to store energy. They are highly branched to allow for solubility |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A polysaccharide made of beta-glucose molecules that provide a structural role in plant cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A structural polysaccharide that forms the external skeleton of many insects and the cell walls of fungi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Large polysaccharides that play a structural role in animals, namely in cartilage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Molecules composed predominantly of hydrogen and carbon atoms. They are nonpolar and therefore insoluble in water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A type of lipid (fat) that is made by bonding glycerol to three chains of fatty acids (a chin of carbon and hydrogen atoms with a carboxyl group at the end) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A fatty acid in which the carbons are linked by single covalent bonds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A fatty acid in which one or more of the carbons are linked by a double bond (C=C) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A triglyceride in which the third hydroxyl group of glycerol is linked to a phosphate group instead of a fatty acid. Usually, a small polar nitrogen-containing molecule is attached to the phosphate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A type of lipid made up of four fused rings of carbon atoms as well as a small amount of various other molecules attached |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Macromolecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and small amounts of other elements, notably sulfur. They are polymers of amino acids. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Protein monomers where an alpha-carbon is linked to an amino group (NH2) and a carboxyl group (COOH), as well as a hydrogen atom and a side chain R |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The covalent bond formed between a carboxyl group and an amino group. a polypeptide is formed when many amino acids are joined together by peptide bonds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Polymers of nucleotides that include DNA and RNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nucleic acid monomers composed of a phosphate group, a pentose, and a single or double ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms known as a base |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Purine bases of nucleotides that have double fused rings of nitrogen and carbon atoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pyrimidine bases of nucleotides that have a single ring of nitrogen and carbon atoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A pyrimidine base found exclusively in ribonucleotides that replaces thymine |
|
|
