Term
How does one produce a cyclic ester? (lactone) |
|
Definition
| reacting OH and COOH on the same molecule |
|
|
Term
| Carboxylic acid and ammonia or primary amines form? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How does one form a cyclic amide? (lactam) |
|
Definition
| NH2 and COOH on the same molecule react |
|
|
Term
What process makes nitriles into carboxylic acids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
List in order of increasing acidity? Acid anhydrides Acid Acid Halides |
|
Definition
| Acid, Acid anhydrides, Acid Halides |
|
|
Term
| What is the heirarchy for parent names? |
|
Definition
| Acid>ester>amide>nitrile>aldehyde>Ketone> alcohol> amine>Alkene>Alkyne |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| strong interactions, therefore high boiling points |
|
|
Term
| How does the number of NH bonds effect the melting points of amides? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Acid chlordies and anhydrides cannot be in what mediums? (why and what do they form?) |
|
Definition
| They can't be in water or alcohol because they form esters due to their high reactivities |
|
|
Term
| What are good polar aprotic solvents? |
|
Definition
| esters, tertiary amides, and nitriles |
|
|
Term
explain the interconversion of acid derivatives |
|
Definition
A nucleophile adds to a carbonyl to form a tetrahedral intermediate, then the leaving group detaches reforming the carbonyl |
|
|
Term
| To convert carboxylate to anything, what must first be done? |
|
Definition
| it must be reacted with SOCl2, because an acid chloride is so reactive it can be turned into any other derivative (i.e. anhydride, ester, or amine) |
|
|
Term
| How does one form an anhydride? |
|
Definition
| reaction of an acid or carboxylate with a carbonyl. Tetrahedral intermediate forms, and chloride ion leaves and H+ is abstracted. |
|
|
Term
Ester from acid chloride? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
amide turns into amide plus+ (ex ammonia to primary amide, primary amide to secondary) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Alcohol attacks one C=O, C=O leaves and H+ is abstracted |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Nucleophile must be NH3 or primary amine, prolonged heating is necessary |
|
|
Term
| explain transesterification |
|
Definition
| an alkoxy group can be replaced by another with an acid or base catalyst and a large excess of the preferred alcohol. |
|
|
