•  ring structure 
• 
  [image]

• RCHO
• trigonal planar arrangement
• part of carbonyl group

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• compounds in which a halogen atom (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine) replaces a hydrogen atom of an alkane
• generic formula for an alkyl halide is where X  fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine.

• characteristic functional group of this family is the hydroxyl ( OH) group attached to an sp3-hybridized carbon atom.[image]

• general formula R O Ror R O R, where R may be an alkyl (or phenyl) group different from R [image]

• Carboxylic acids have a carbonyl group bonded to a hydroxyl group
• [image]

• general formula RCO2R (or RCOOR), where a carbonyl group is bonded to an alkoxyl ( OR) group
• [image]

• Amides have the formulas RCONH2, RCONHR, or RCONRR where a carbonyl group is bonded to a nitrogen atom bearing hydrogen and/or alkyl groups.
• [image]