Term
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Definition
| Studies inheritance and the expression of inherited traits |
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Term
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Definition
| A distinctive association of signs and symptoms occurring together in the same patient |
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| Is AIDS aquired or inherited? |
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Definition
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Term
| Cleft lip and palate are components of _______ syndroms |
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Definition
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Term
| Which is the most common, cleft lip, cleft palate, or cleft lip / palate combined? |
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Definition
| cleft lip and palate combined |
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Term
| ______refers to physical, biochemical and physiological trait of an individual |
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Definition
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Term
| P = Phenotype and can occur as a result of genetic or combination of genetic and _______ influences |
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Definition
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Term
| Each cell with the exception of mature germ cells has ______ chromosomes. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ of chromosomes comes from mother and ____ comes from father. |
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Definition
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Term
| Chromosomes contain ______ which directs the production of amino acids polypeptides and proteins by cell |
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Definition
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Term
| All cells (except ova/spermatazoa) are _________ cells |
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Definition
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Term
| How is cellular devision achieved? |
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Definition
| Mitosis during somatic cells life span --> mitotic cycle |
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Term
| What is the function of mitosis? |
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Definition
| to create an exact copy of each chromosome and through division of the cell, distribute identical set of chromosomes to each daughter cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| A two-step cell division in which the primitive cells reduce the chromosome number by half and become mature germ cells |
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Term
| Primitive germ cells have 46 chromosomes and mature germ cells have _____ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| when chromosomes do not separate and both migrate to the same cell. Known as nondisjunction and results in the formation of a germ cell with an extra chromosome |
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Term
| Whats another name for downs synrome? |
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Definition
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Term
| nondisjunction is LESS prevalent in female oogenesis than in male spermatogenesis, T/F? |
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Definition
| False! it's MORE prevalent because older women are more prone to shedding trisomic ovum. |
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Term
| What is the "lyon hypothesis"? |
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Definition
[XX - women] and [XY - MEN]
A hypothesis that showing clinical implication for female carriers of conditions caused by genes located on the X chromosome.
During development one X chromosome in the female embryo is INACTIVATED. The inactivated X chromosome forms a structure known as (Barr body) and appears as a dark dot at the periphery of the nucleus. |
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Term
| Explain the composition of chromosomes: |
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Definition
| DNA contains the basic codes/template that carries genetic info. Basic unit of DNA is a nucleotide and contains 4 bases (A,G,T,C) |
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Term
DNA bases -- Explain
Adenine binds to _____.
Guanine binds to _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| The genetic code contained in DNA is transcribed into RNA which is ______ stranded |
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Definition
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Term
| RNA produces ______, polypeptides, and proteins |
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Definition
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Term
| Uracil replaces ______ in DNA |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ is the blueprint of genetic DNA for coding of proteins. It carries the message for the DNA to the ribosomes in cytoplasm, in which proteins are produced |
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Definition
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Term
| tRNA transfers ____ _____ from the cytoplasm to mRNA positioning amino acids in proper sequence to form polypeptides and hence proteins |
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Definition
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Term
| rRNA forms with _______ to make ribosomes |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ carries the genetic code for the formation of that protein to the robisomes |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ brings amino acids to ribosomes from cytoplasm |
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Definition
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Term
| What are two main patterns of inheritance |
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Definition
| Autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive |
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Term
| What is autosomal dominant? |
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Definition
Dominant genes only need a SINGLE dose and is transmitted vertically from one generation to the next.
*When one parent has gene, 50% risk each pregnancy |
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Term
| Individuals can have the autosomal dominant gene with lack of penetrance, T/F |
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Definition
| T -- This means someone might have the gene but it doesn't affect them. How bad someone has it. |
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Term
| __________ refers to the # of individuals affected |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ pertains to the degree which an individual is affected. |
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Definition
| Expressivity - someone might not express the gene as much. How much it shows. |
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Term
| Autosomal recessive have clinically normal parents of affected children are _________ and both are carriers of trait |
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Definition
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Term
| for parents that are carriers for an autosomal recessive gene, the child is ____% at risk. |
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Definition
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Term
47 23
_______ refers to familial relationship and used to describe matings or marriages among close relatives |
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Definition
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Term
| Closer degree of ___________ the greater the offspring being homozygous |
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Definition
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Term
| x-linked inheritance means .... |
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Definition
Women have 2 X chromosomes and can be homozygous or hetero. Since men have one X chromosome, whatever the mother has in her X chromosomes will be passed down regardless.
Essentially, since men only have one X, if their mother has a defective X chromosome, it will automatically be passed down to the son. The trait will be seen clinically regardless if it is recessive or dominant. |
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Term
| a fathers X chromosomes are transmitted to daughters but not sons, this is an example of _______ inheritance. |
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Definition
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Term
| A carrier mother of x linked recessive trait will have _____% risk of affected son and ______% risk of carrier daughter |
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Definition
50% because its an X linked disease, it will be passed down regardless because both M and F need X chromosome. BUT it depends on which X is transferred.
This is not the same for father --> son. Instead, the daughter would get the other x chromosome. |
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Term
| _________ is defined as benign lesions of the bone characterized histologically by cellular fibrous conntective tissue admixed with irregularly shaped bone trabeculae or cementoid material |
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Definition
| Fribro-osseous lesions or (Osseous dysplasia) |
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Term
| This disease of bone has an unknown cause, asymptomatic, usually found in the anterior mandible in patients older than 30. More common in F vs M especially in asians and Af. Am. Diagnosis is based off of combo of clinical and radiographic features |
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Definition
| Periapical cemento-osseous dysplasia |
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Term
| There's 3 stages to every fibro osseous lesion: |
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Definition
1. Radiolucent
2. Mixed
3. Sparatic - completely immature bone |
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Term
| New growth, cells that exhibit uncontrolled proliferation |
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Definition
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Term
| characteristics of a benign tumor |
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Definition
| well differentiated, slow growing, encapsulated around lesion and NO metastasis |
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Term
| Characteristics of a malignant tumor |
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Definition
Anaplastic -- not well differentiated
Rapid growth, mitotic figures and invasive |
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Term
| Cancer within an epithelial cell |
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Definition
| squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma |
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Term
| Cancer within a mesenchymal cell |
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Definition
| fibroSARCOMA or osteoSARCOMA |
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Term
| Cancer within a ductal cell |
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Definition
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Term
| Squamous epithelium, salivary gland epithelium and odontogenic epithelium are examples of ____________ tumors |
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Definition
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Term
| Benign tumor of squamous epithelium that presents as a small exophytic pedunculated or sessile growth. Has numerous papillary projections (finger like) |
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Definition
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Term
| All those physiologic mechanisms which endow the animal with the capacity to recognize materials as foreign to itself and to neutralized, eliminate, or metabolize them with or without injury to its own tissues defines ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Defense, homeostasis and surveillance are all functions of ____________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Has the capacity for memory and responds more quickly to a foreign substance if encountered again. Involves memory. |
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Definition
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Term
| t/f: Cell-mediated (cellular immunity) involves lymphocytes working alone or assisted by macrophages to regulate the immune system |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ immunity involves the production of antibodies, with the b cell lymphocytes as the primary cells. Responsible for protection against many pathogenic microorganisms. |
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Definition
| Humoral immunity or antibody-mediated |
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Term
| What are the 5 cells involved in immunity |
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Definition
| Monocyte, neutrophil, lymphocyte, basophil, and eosinophil |
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Term
| What are the non-cellular mediators of immunity? |
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Definition
| immunoglobulins (antibodies), lymphokines, and complement |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Where do t cells go, where do b cells go? |
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Definition
T cells-- thymus
B cells--resides and matures in lymphoid tissue. two b cells develop when stimulated by an antigen, 1- memory b cell and 2 the plasma cell--produces the antibody.
T cells proliferate to the cellular immune system to make lymphokines & killer t cells and B cells go through humoral cells to make antibodies. |
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Term
| Explain blast transformation |
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Definition
| When B cells are activated, they split into a plasma cell and one goes to memory. The next time the antigen enters the body, b cells fabricate antibodies to defend against that specific antigen. |
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Term
| List the steps of t and b cell formation |
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Definition
1. stem cell differentiation
2. Maturation - formation of antibodies
3. Dissemination - more plaque = more t and b cells |
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Term
| This specific area in the oral cavity contains lymphoid tissue |
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Definition
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Term
| A local, non-specific reaction of the body tissues to an injury in an attempt to localize the injury and to heal it. ****Can be caused by microorganisms, physical, or chemical agents |
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Definition
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Term
| *****Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms inside of the body tissues - which result in local cellular injury |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ is caused by living microorganisms, physical or chemical agents |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ is a result of invasion and multiplication of microorganisms inside the body tissues |
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Definition
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Term
| Acute, chronic, and granulomatous are three types of _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most common type of inflammation ? |
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Definition
| acute inflammation, example --> pmns |
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Term
| What is the first cell to enter the site of inflammation? |
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Definition
| PMNS. they are the fastest there but they die off and other cells are at the site at that time if the infection is still occuring. -- this leads to chronic |
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Term
| What cells would you see in acute inflammation, in chronic? |
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Definition
acute- pmn
chronic- macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells |
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Term
| "Hygienist's job in the form of a formula" |
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Definition
N x V / R
N= Number of organisms
V= Virulence of the organism
R= Resistance of the HOST |
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Term
| Anaphylactic, cytotoxic, immune complexes, cell mediated are all examples of ___________________. |
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Definition
| Allergic reactions / Hypersensitivities |
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Term
| Sjogrens, systemic lypus, pemphigus and pemphigoid are _______________diseases |
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Definition
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Term
| intact skin, enzymes in saliva (antibacterial activity) and the flushing action of tears, saliva, urine and diarrhea are all ___________ |
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Definition
| NATURAL defense mechanisms against injury |
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Term
| ___________signs include fever, leukocytosis, and lymphodenopathy |
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Definition
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Term
| The increase in blood flow that fills the capillary beds is called |
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Definition
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Term
| The movement of WBC to periphery of vessel |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Process by which WBC escape |
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Definition
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Term
| Movement of WBC to the site of injury |
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Definition
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Term
| Removal of foreign substances by ingesting and digesting them |
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Definition
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Term
| WWhat are the 5 inflammatory responses |
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Definition
| Margination, pavementing, emigration, chemotaxis, and phagocytosis |
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Term
| 6 CELLS involved in inflammatory response? |
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Definition
| Neutophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, plasma cells, eosinophils, mast cells. |
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Term
| 4 MAJOR cells involved in inflammatory response |
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Definition
| neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes and plasma cells |
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Term
| make up 60-70 % of WBC, first to arrive at site of injury, PRIMARY cell of acute inflammation, main fuction is phagocytosis |
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Definition
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Term
| 2nd cell to arrive during inflammatory response, responds to chemotactic factors, capable of phagocytosis, single round nucleus and NON granular cytoplasm, makes 3-8% of WBC |
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Definition
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Term
| PMNs have longer lifespan than Monocyte / macrophage t,f? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which cells are involved in both chronic inflammation and the immune response? |
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Definition
| Lymphocytes and plasma cells |
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Term
| Kinin system, clotting mechanism and complement system are 3 ______mediators of inflammation |
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Definition
Chemical
**they are all interrelated** |
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Term
| ____________ system mediates by causing increased dilation of BV at site of injury and increased permeability of local BV. Role limited to early inflammation and components induce pain. |
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Definition
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Term
Causes production of sequential cascade of plasma proteins that are present in the blood in an inactivated form.
Cause mast cells to release granules of histamine |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Increases vascular permeability and vasodilation |
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Term
| _______ cause cell death by creating holes in the cells membrane. they also form chemotactic factors for WBC and enhance phagocytosis |
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Definition
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Term
| WBC and pathogenic microorganisms produce fever producing substances called _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| when should you worry about a fever? |
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Definition
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Term
| 10,000-30,000 is the normal WBC range, t/f? |
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Definition
FALSE -- thats the response to INFECTION
NORMAL -- 4,000-10,000. |
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Term
| _____________ is when the tissue damage is slight and the tissue returns completely to normal function; this the most favorable end to AI |
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Definition
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Term
| ___________ takes place when the complete return to normal is not possible because the tissue damage has been too great |
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Definition
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Term
INJURY ---
At day 1 ______emigrate
At day 2 _____emigrate
End of day 2 _______emigrate |
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Definition
PMNs (neutrophils)
monocytes
Leukocytes and plasma cells |
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Term
| Describes the wearing away of tooth structure |
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Definition
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Term
| Describes grinding and clenching of teeth for non fuction purposes |
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Definition
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Term
| Describes a wedge shaped lesion in cervical areas of teeth from biomechanical forces on teeth (tooth brush) |
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Definition
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Term
| Describes chemical loss of tooth structure |
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Definition
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Term
| ______injuries are caused by the patient |
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Definition
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Term
| A circumscribed, elevated lesion that is more than 5mm, usually contains serous fluid and looks like a blister |
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Definition
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Term
| A segment or lobe that is a part of the whole, these sometimes appear fused togther |
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Definition
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Term
| An area that is usually distinguished by a color different from that of the surrounding tissue, it is flat and does not protrude above the surface of the normal tissue. A freckle is an example of this |
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Definition
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Term
| A small circumscribed lesion usually less than 1cm in diameter that is elevated or protrudes above the surface of normal surrounding tissue |
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Definition
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Term
| attached by a stemlike or stalklike base similar to that of a muchroom |
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Definition
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Term
| variously sized circumscribes elevations containing pus |
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Definition
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Term
| Describing the base of a lesion that is flat or broad instead of stemlike |
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Definition
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Term
| A small, elevated lesion less that 1 cm in diameter that contains serous fluid |
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Definition
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Term
| a palpable solid lesion up to 1 cm in diameter found in soft tissue, it can occur above, level with or beneath the skin surface |
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Definition
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Term
| clinical term used to describe an oral mucosal lesion that appears as a smooth red patch or granular red and velvety patch |
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Definition
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Term
| a clinical term for a white plaquelike lesion on the oral mucosa that cannot be rubbed off or diagnosed as a specific disease |
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Definition
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Term
| smooth, rough, and folded are all terms used to describe ____ |
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Definition
| surfacce texture of a lesion |
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Term
| This cyst occurs with the root of a nonvital tooth. It is the most commonly occuring cyst in the oral cavity. Develops when the epithelium within the inflamed CT of the PA granuloma proliferates. Radiographic appearance looks like PA granuloma. |
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Definition
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Term
| Forms when the tooth is removed and all or part of a radicular cyst is left behind. It is well-circumscribed located at the site of an extracted tooth. |
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Definition
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Term
| A change in bone near the apices of teeth that may be a reaction to low-grade infection. Tooth most commonly associated with this is the mandibular first molar. |
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Definition
| Focal sclerosing osteomyelitis |
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