Term
| What is endogenous pigmentation? |
|
Definition
| Pigment produced from within the body |
|
|
Term
| What is exogenous pigmentation? |
|
Definition
| Pigment originating outside the body |
|
|
Term
| What are examples of endogenous pigmentation? |
|
Definition
-
Addison's disease
-
Peutz jeghers syndrome
|
|
|
Term
| What are examples of exogenous pigmentation? |
|
Definition
-
Smoker's melanosis
-
Foreign bodies
-
Amalgam tattoo
-
Plumbism (lead)
-
Bismuth
-
Graphite
|
|
|
Term
| What is another name for physiologic pigmentation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes racial pigmentation? |
|
Definition
| Normal amounts of melanin |
|
|
Term
| Racial pigmentation is most often found where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes smoker's melanosis? |
|
Definition
| A component in tobacco stimulates melanocytes |
|
|
Term
| Smoker's melanosis may disappear how long after smoking cessation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Smoker's melanosis is found in what percentage of smokers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which sex is predisposed to smoker's melanosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are visual cues of smoker's melanosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are other clinical features of smoker's melanosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is ephelis and melanotic macule? |
|
Definition
| Pigment synthesis by basal layer melanocytes |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for ephelis and melanotic macule? |
|
Definition
-
Ephelis (freckle)
-
Oral melanotic macule
-
Labial melanotic macule
|
|
|
Term
| Ephelis is located where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ephelis occurs at what age? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Oral melanotic macule is found where? |
|
Definition
-
Gingiva
-
Palate
-
Buccal mucosa
|
|
|
Term
| What are other clinical features of oral melanotic macule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you treat ephelis and melanotic macule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for pigmented cellular nevus? |
|
Definition
-
Pigmented cellular mole
-
Melanocytic nevus
|
|
|
Term
| What is the most common site in pigmented cellular nevus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common of all human "tumors"? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are other clinical features of pigmented cellular nevus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are nevi derived from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is junctional nevus? |
|
Definition
| Cells located at the junction of epithelium and connective tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cells along the junctional area and within the underlying connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| What is intradermal nevus? |
|
Definition
| Cells only within the connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for intradermal nevus in the oral cavity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common intraoral nevi? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Spindle shaped cells deep within tissue |
|
|
Term
| What is the second most common intraoral nevi? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are other clinical features of blue nevus? |
|
Definition
-
Hard palate
-
Female predilection
|
|
|
Term
| How do you treat pigmented cellular nevus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the third most common cancer of the skin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes malignant melanoma? |
|
Definition
| Sunlight is strongly implicated |
|
|
Term
| What color is malignant melanoma? |
|
Definition
-
Bluish black
-
Brown to non pigmented
|
|
|
Term
| What clinical feature is common in malignant melanoma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are other variations of nevi? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the risk factors of malignant melanoma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the prognosis for oral melanoma in 5 years? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the prognosis for oral melanoma in 10 years? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Malignant melanoma occurs in what two phases? |
|
Definition
| Radial and vertical growth phase |
|
|
Term
| What is radial growth phase of malignant melanoma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is vertical growth phase of malignant melanoma? |
|
Definition
| Cells invade and populate the connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| What are the common types of malignant melanoma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common form of malignant melanoma? |
|
Definition
| Superfical spreading melanoma |
|
|
Term
| What are the most common sites of superficial spreading melanoma? |
|
Definition
| Back of males and legs of females |
|
|
Term
| What causes nodular melanoma? |
|
Definition
| Vertical growth rapidly invades connective tissue creating nodular elevation |
|
|
Term
| Lentigo malignant melanoma develops from what precursor? |
|
Definition
| Lentigo maligna or hutchinson's freckle |
|
|
Term
| Lentigo malignant melanoma occurs almost exclusively where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lentigo malignant melanoma represents what? |
|
Definition
| Melanoma in situ due to radial growth |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common form of malignant melanoma in blacks? |
|
Definition
| Acral lentiginous melanoma |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common form of malignant melanoma in the oral cavity? |
|
Definition
| Acral lentiginous melanoma |
|
|
Term
| Oral malignant melanoma occurs at what age and sex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Oral malignant melanoma occurs where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are other clinical features of oral malignant melanoma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the key to oral malignant melanoma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Classification systems to evaluate depth of invasion and prognosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the clark system in the classification of melanoma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the breslow system in the classification of melanoma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the ABCD system of evaluation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is addison's disease? |
|
Definition
| Destruction of adrenal cortex |
|
|
Term
| What causes destruction of the adrenal cortex in addison's disease? |
|
Definition
-
Tuberculosis
-
Autoimmunity
-
Tumors
-
AIDS
|
|
|
Term
| What results in addison's disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are other clinical features of addison's disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is generalized abnormal pigmentation of addison's disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Generalized abnormal pigmentation of addison's disease is located in what areas? |
|
Definition
-
Skin folds
-
Joints
-
Areas of trauma
-
Mucous membranes
|
|
|
Term
| Oral pigmentation in addison's disease occurs where? |
|
Definition
-
Gingiva
-
Lateral tongue
-
Buccal mucosa
-
Lips
|
|
|
Term
| How do you diagnose addison's disease? |
|
Definition
| ACTH stimulation test with plasma measurement of ACTH |
|
|
Term
| How do you treat addison's disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the corticosteroid replacement therapy in addison's disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Peutz jeghers syndrome occurs at what age? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are other clinical features of peutz jeghers syndrome? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Intestinal polyps of peutz jeghers syndrome are especially located where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do intestinal polyps of peutz jeghers syndrome cause? |
|
Definition
| Intestinal obstruction due to intussusception |
|
|
Term
| What percentage of intestinal polyps develop intestinal adenocarcinomas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Oral pigmentation of peutz jeghers syndrome occurs where? |
|
Definition
-
Buccal mucosa
-
Gingiva
-
Tongue
-
Palate
|
|
|
Term
| Skin of the extremities are affected in what percentage of peutz jeghers syndrome? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pigmentation of peutz jeghers syndrome primarily affects what areas? |
|
Definition
-
Vermillion zone
-
Eyes
-
Nose
|
|
|
Term
| What is key in diagnosing foreign bodies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some foreign bodies elicit what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common intraoral soft tissue pigmentation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the most common areas of amalgam tattoo? |
|
Definition
-
Gingiva
-
Buccal mucosa
-
Floor of mouth
|
|
|
Term
| How do you diagnose amalgam tattoo? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of lead (plumbism)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are other clinical features of plumbism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the sources of metal in bismuth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the "bismuth line" seen? |
|
Definition
-
Gingiva
-
Buccal mucosa
-
Lips
-
Ventral tongue
|
|
|
Term
| What causes the "bismuth line"? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you prevent bismuth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the prognosis of bismuth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Any activity at the junction of junctional nevus can easily become what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lead sulfide in plumbism forms what? |
|
Definition
|
|
