Term
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Definition
| The Capital Budget is used to account for the revenues and expenditures related to the Capital Improvements Program. This includes the acquisition of land, construction, and other improvements to the infrastructure. Examples include the construction of new buildings. Items in the Capital Budget are usually one-time expenses with a long useful life. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Operating Budget accounts for the revenues and expenditures needed to conduct on-going activities. . Included in the Operating Budget are salaries, supplies and services, and equipment needed to provide day-to-day operations. |
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Term
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Definition
FORMULATION
ADOPTION
IMPLEMENTATION
REVIEW
EVALUATION |
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Term
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Definition
| A progressive tax, or graduated tax, is a tax that is larger as a percentage of income for those with larger incomes. It is usually applied in reference to income taxes, where people with more income pay a higher percentage of it in taxes. The term progressive refers to the way the rate progresses from low to high. |
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Term
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Definition
regressive tax
A tax that takes a larger percentage of income from low-income groups than from high-income groups. |
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Term
| FLAT TAX (PROPORTIONAL TAX) |
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Definition
| A flat tax, also called a proportional tax, is a system that taxes all entities in a class (typically either citizens or corporations) at the same rate (as a proportion of income), as opposed to a graduated, or progressive, scheme. The term flat tax is most often discussed in the context of income taxes. The flat tax is not used in many developed countries on a national level, standing in contrast to the more widely used progressive income tax, in which citizens and corporations with higher incomes pay tax at a higher rate than those with lower income |
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Term
AUTHORITATIVE LEADER
(LEWIN, K. - 1939) |
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Definition
| Exploitive and authoritative; no trust is placed in subordinates.The leader defines problem, diagnoses problem, generates, evaluates and choose among alternative solutions. |
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Term
DEMOCRATIC STYLE
(LEWIN, K. - 1939) |
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Definition
| The leader involves the people in the decision-making, although the process for the final decision may vary from the leader having the final say to them facilitating consensus in the group |
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Term
LAISSEZ FAIRE
(LEWIN, K. 1939) |
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Definition
| is to minimize the leader's involvement in decision-making, and hence allowing people to make their own decisions, although they may still be responsible for the outcome. |
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Term
AUTHORITATIVE EXPLOITIVE
LEADERSHIP STYLES
LIKERT |
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Definition
| the leader has a low concern for people and uses such methods as threats and other fear-based methods to achieve conformance. Communication is almost entirely downwards and the psychologically distant concerns of people are ignored. |
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Term
BENEVOLENT AUTHORITATIVE
LIKERT |
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Definition
| When the leader adds concern for people to an authoritative position, a 'benevolent dictatorship' is formed. The leader now uses rewards to encourage appropriate performance and listens more to concerns lower down the organization, although what they hear is often rose-tinted, being limited to what their subordinates think that the boss wants to hear. Although there may be some delegation of decisions, almost all major decisions are still made centrally. |
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Term
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Definition
| The upward flow of information here is still cautious and rose-tinted to some degree, although the leader is making genuine efforts to listen carefully to ideas. Nevertheless, major decisions are still largely centrally made. |
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Term
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Definition
| At this level, the leader makes maximum use of participative methods, engaging people lower down the organization in decision-making. People across the organization are psychologically closer together and work well together at all levels. |
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Term
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Definition
House’s Path-Goal Theory assumes that leaders can change their behavior depending on the situation
He identified 4 behaviors:
Directive leadership
Supportive leadership
Participative leadership
Achievement-oriented leadership |
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Term
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Definition
“Leaders are people who do the right thing; managers are people who do things right.”
Warren Bennis |
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Term
MANAGERS- do things right
LEADERS - do the right things |
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Definition
Managers get things done through other people
Leadership encompasses vision and strategy, influencing people through interpersonal skill |
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Term
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Definition
| values: beliefs of a person or social group in which they have an emotional investment (either for or against something); "he has very conservatives values" |
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Term
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Definition
| motivation based on ideas of right and wrong |
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Term
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Definition
A theory or a system of moral values: “An ethic of service is at war with a craving for gain"
The rules or standards governing the conduct of a person or the members of a profession. |
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Term
TYPES OF AUTHORITY (WEBBER, M)
LEGAL-RATIONAL
CHARISMATIC
TRADITIONAL |
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Definition
LEGAL-RATIONAL: BASED ON WRITTEN RULES AND REGULATIONS (PRESIDENT & PRIME MIN.)
CHARISMATIC:BASED ON EMOTIONAL APPEAL & ATTACHMENT
TRADITIONAL:BASED ON CULTURE,VALUES & BLOOD LINES (TRIBAL, SHEIK) |
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Term
| WHAT IS THE BEST LEADERSHIP STYLE? |
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Definition
| ACCORDING TO ARGYRIS (1962) SITUATIONAL LEADERSHIP OR REALITY CENTERED LEADERSHIP. |
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Term
THEORY X AND THEORY Y
MAC GREGOR |
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Definition
THEORY X - BASED ON THE IDEA THAT ALL MEN ARE LAZY AND MUST BE COMPELLED BY NECESSITY TO BE PRODUCTIVE
THEORY Y - AVERAGE WORKER IS A MODEL HUMAN BEINGS ARE INTELLIGENT & HARDWORKING |
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Term
RATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE
DECISION MAKING MODEL |
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Definition
| ASSUMES DECISION MAKER CAN IDENTIFY THE PROBLEM |
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Term
INCREMENTALISM
DECISION MAKING THEORY |
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Definition
| INCREMEMTALISM: DECISION MAKERS ASSUME THAT ALTERNATIVES TO PROBLEMS ONLY SLIGHTLY DEVIATE FROM EXISTING POLICIES |
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Term
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Definition
| MIXED SCANNING (ETZIONI)CONSIDERS BOTH FUNDAMENTAL AND INCREMENTAL DECISIONS MIXED SCANNING CONSIDERS BROAD BASED ANALYSIS OR IN DEPTH ANYLSIS GIVEN THE SITUATION |
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