Term
|
Definition
Although very small, microbes play significant roles in our lives.
-We have, living on and in our bodies [e.x. skin and in our mouths and intestional tract] approx. 10 times as many microbes as the total number of cells. It has been estimated that perhaps as many as 5,000 to 1,000 different spcies of microbes live on and in us. -these are known as INDIGENOUS MICROFLORA or INDIGENOUS MICROBIOTA and for the most part they benefit us.
-Other reasons listed below:
>Some of the microbes that colonize [inhabit] our bodies are known as OPPORTUNISTIC PATHOGENS
>Microbes are essential for life on this plant as know it because some microbes produce PHOTOSYNTHESIS
[note: microbes contribute more oxygen to our atmosphere than do plants.]
>Many microbes are invovled in the decomposition of dead organisms and the waste profucts of living organims. Collectively, they are referred to as DECOMPOSERS or SAPROPHYTES
>Some micrboes are capable of decomposing industrial wastes [oil spills, for example] - thus, we can use microbes- genetically engineered microbes, in some cases- to clean up after ourselves. The use of microbes in this manner is referred to as BIOREMEDIATION
>MICROBIAL ECOLOGY
>Microbes serve as important links in food chains.
>Some microbes live in the intestional tracts of animals, where they aid in the digestion of food, and in some cases, produce substances that are of value to the host - [e.x. the E.coli bacteria that live in humans intestional tract produce vitamins K and B1]
>BIOTECHNOLOGY
>Microbes cause two dieases -INFECTIOUS DIEASE AND MICROBIAL INTOXICATION |
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Term
| Define: Opportunistic Pathogens |
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Definition
| Do NOT cause diease under ordinary conditions, but have the potential to cause disease should the opportunity present itself. |
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Term
| Define: Microbial Ecology |
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Definition
| Study of the interrelationships among microbes and the world around them [other microbes, other living organims, and the nonliving environment] ex. nitrogen cycle |
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Term
| Define: Biotechnology - give an example |
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Definition
The use of living organims or their derivatives to make or modify products or processes
e.x. Some bacteria and fungi produce antibiotics that are used to treat patients with infectious diseases. By defintion, and ANTIBIOTIC is a substance produced by a microbe that is effective in killing or inhibiting the growth of other microbes - the use of microbes in the antibiotic industry is an example of biotechnology. |
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Term
| What is the difference between an INFECTIOUS DIEASE and a MICROBIAL INTOXICATION? Which one causes more illnesses and death? |
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Definition
An INFECTIOUS DIEASE results when a pathogen colonizes the body and subsequently causes diease while a MICROBIAL INTOXICATION results when a person ingests a toxin [poisonous substance] that has been produced by a microbe
[note:] of the two categories, infectious diseases cause far more illnesses and deaths. |
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Term
| Define: Koch's Postulates |
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Definition
| A series of scientific steps, proposed by Robert Koch, that must be fulfilled to prove that a specific microorgansims is the cause of a particular diease. |
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Term
| List the 4 Koch's Postulates |
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Definition
1. A particular microbe must be found in all cases of the diease and must not be present in healthy animals or humans.
2. The microbe must be isolated from the dieased animal or human and grown in pure culture in the lab.
3. The same diease must be produced when the microbes from the pure culture are imcoluted into healthy susceptible laboratory animals.
4. The same microbe must be recovered from the experimentally infected animals and grown into pure culture. |
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Term
| The sizes of bacteria and protoza are usually expressed in terms of _______? |
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Definition
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Term
| "Spherical bacterium" [coccus; pl cocci] are approx __________ in diameter? |
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Definition
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Term
| A typical "rod-shaped bacterium"[bacillus; pl., bacilli] is about ________? |
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Definition
1 um wide X 3 um long
[note: although som bacilli are shorter and some from very long filaments. |
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Term
| The size of most "virsus" are expressed in terms of _______? |
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Definition
Nanometers [nm]
[note] most of the virsus that cause human diease range in size from ~ 10 to 300 nm [0.01-0.3 um] although some such as Ebola virus [a cause of hemorrhagic fever] can be as long as 1,000nm [1um]. Some very large protozoa reach a length of 2,000 um [2mm] |
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Term
| In the microbiology laboratory, the sizes of cellular microbes are measured using an |
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Definition
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Term
Microorgansims--->
-Cellular
-Acellular |
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Definition
-Acellular:
>Viroids
>Prisons
>Viruses
-Cellular:
>Procaryotes:
---Archaea
---Bacteria
---Cyanobacteria
>Eucaryotes
---Algae
---Protozoa
---Fungi |
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Term
| What is the structural difference b/t Procaryotic and Eucaryotic cells |
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Definition
-Eucaryotic cells contain a TRUE NUCLEUS, where as procaryotic cells do not.
-Eucaryotic cells are broken down into plant [all plant, fungi, and algae] and animal cells [all animals and protozoa] - animal cells do NOT have a CELL WALL, where as plant cells have a simple cell wall [containing cellulose- a polysaccharide].
-Procaryotic cells have complex CELL WALLS [containing proteins, lipids, and polysaccharides]
and can do photosynthesis [chlorophyll]
Eucaryotic cells - Membranous structures [e.x. ER and Golgi complexes], Ribosome [80S], Chromosomes [containing DNA and proteins], Flagella and cilia [when present, have a complex structure]
Procaryotic cells- no membranous structures other than a cell wall, no nuclear membrane, cytoplasmic ribosome [70S], chromosomes [composed of DNA alone], flagella and cilia [when present, flagella have a simple twisted protein structure, NO CILIA IN PROCARYOTIC CELLS, can do photosynthesis [chlorophyll] |
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Term
Acellular Microbes: Viruses
What are complete virus particles called? |
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Definition
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Term
Acellular Microbes: Viruses
How do we observe Viruses? |
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Definition
| They are observed using electron microscope |
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Term
Acellular Microbes: Viruses
Most viruses range in size from _____ to _______ nm. Although some- like Ebola virus, can be up to _____um. |
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Definition
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Term
Acellular Microbes: Viruses
The viruses that infect bacteria are known as ? |
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Definition
| Bacteriophages [or simply phages] |
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Term
| Bacteriophages can be categorized by the events that occur after invasion of the bacterial cell: some are _________ phages while others are _______ phages |
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Definition
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Term
Acellular Microbes: Viruses
Define : Virulent bacteriophage |
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Definition
| A bacteriophage that regularly causes lysis of the bacteria it infects; causes the lytic cycle to occur [which results in destruction of the cell] |
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Term
Acellular Microbes: Viruses
List the steps in the Lytic cycle |
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Definition
1. Attachment -the phage attaches to a protein or polysaccharide molecule [receptor] on the surface of the bacterial cell
2. Penetration - the phage injects the DNA into the bacterial cell; the capsid remains on the outer surface of the cell
3. Biosynthesis - phage genes are expressed, resulting in the production of phage pieces or parts [i.e. phage DNA and phage proteins]
4. Assembly - the phage pieces are assembled to create complete phages
5. Release - the complete phage escape from the bacterial cell by lysis of the cell |
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Term
Acellular Microbes: Viruses
Define: Temperate bacteriophage |
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Definition
A bacteriophage whose genome incorporates into and replicates with the genome of the host bacterium; also known as LYSOGENIC BACTERIOPHAGE
-unlike virulent bacteriophages, temperate bacteriophages do not immediately initiate the lytic cycle. Their DNA can remain integrated into the host cell's chromosome for generation after generation |
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Term
Acellular Microbes: Viruses
Are viruses considered to be alive? |
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Definition
| Because they are not composed of cells, viruses are not considered to be living organisms. They are referred to as acellular microbes or infectious particles |
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Term
Acellular Microbes: Viruses
Viruses are said to have 5 specific properties that distinguish them from living cells |
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Definition
1. The vast majority of viruses either possess DNA or RNA, unlike living cells that possess both
2. They are unable to replicate [multiply] on their own
3.Unlike cells, they do not divide by binary fission, mitosis, or meiosis
4. They lack the genes and enzymes for energy production
5. They depend on ribosomes, enzymes, and metabolites "building blocks" of the host cell for protein and nucleic acid production |
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Term
| The simplest of human viruses consists of nothing more than _________ surrounded by a protein coat [the capsid -which is composed of small protein units called capsomeres] plus to enclosed ______ are referred to as the __________ |
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Definition
| Nucleic acid, nucleic acid, nucleocapsid |
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Term
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Definition
Viroids consist of short, naked fragments of single-stranded RNA that can interfere with with the metabolism of plant cells and stunt the growth of plants, sometimes killing the plants
-Small circular, naked RNA
-Smallest known pathogens
-Viroids are infectious RNA molecules that cause a variety of plant disease. **** |
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Term
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Definition
| Prions are infectious protein molecules that cause a variety of animal and human diseases. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Differences between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria |
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Definition
-Gram- positive:
>blue/purple
>thick peptidoglycan in cell walls
>teichoic acids and lipoteichoic acids in cell walls
>NO lipopolysaccharide in cell walls
-Gram-negative:
>Pink/red
>Thin layer of peptidoglycan
> NO teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acids in cell walls
> Lipopolysaccharide in cell walls |
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Term
| Algae and protozoa are referred to as __________ because they are in the kingdom Protista |
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Definition
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Term
| Define:Algea and give characteristics |
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Definition
Eucaryotic, photosynthetic organisms that range in size from unicellular to multicellular; includes many seaweeds.
All algal cells consists of cytoplasm, a cell wall [usually], a cell membrane, a nucleus, plastids, ribosomes, mitochondria, and Golgi bodies.
>in addition some contain pellicle [thicken cell membrane], a stigma [light sensing organelle, known as an eye spot] and flagella.
note: Contain chlorophyll
Oxygenic photosynthesis
-although not plants - more closely plantlike than protozoa --ALGAE LACK TRUE ROOTS, STEMS, AND LEAVES |
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Term
| Define: Protozoa and give characteristics |
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Definition
Eucaryotic microorganisms frequently found in water and soil [ free-living] some are pathogens; usually unicellular
all possess a variety of eucaryotic structures and organelles, including cell membranes, nuclei, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, centrioles, and food vacuoles
PROTOZOA HAVE NO CHLOROPHYLL AND THEREFORE CANNOT MAKE IT'S OWN FOOD BY PHOTOSYNTHESIS. |
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Term
| Define: Fungi and give characteristics |
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Definition
Eucaryotic, nonphotosynthetic microorganisms that can be either saprophytic or parasitic
Fungi are found almost everywhere on earth; some [the saprophytic fungi] living on organic matter in water and soil, and others [parasitic fungi] living on and within animals and plants.
NOT PHOTOSYNTHETIC; HAVE NO CHLOROPHYLL OR OTHER PHOTOSYNTHETIC PIGMENTS |
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Term
Define: The Central Dogma
define and name who proposed it |
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Definition
The flow of genetic information within a cell; from DNA to an mRNA molecule to a protein molecule
Francis Crick 1957 |
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Term
| The Central Dogma [also known as the "one geneone protein hypothesis'] states that: [hint: 2 things] |
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Definition
1. The genetic information contained in one gene of a DNA molecule is used to make one molecule of mRNA by a process known as TRANSCRIPTION
2. The genetic information in that mRNA molecule is then used to make one protein by a process known as TRANSLATION |
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Term
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Definition
| organisms that use light as an energy source |
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Term
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Definition
| organims that use inorganic or organic chemicals as an energy source |
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Term
Note: Chemotrophs use either inorganic or organic chemicals and can be subdivided into two categories
>chemolithotrophs
>chemorganotrophs |
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Definition
>Chemolithotrophs [or simply lithotrophs] : are organisms that use inorganic chemicals as an energy source
>Chemoorganotrophs [or simply organotrophs] are organims that use organic chemicals as an energy source |
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Term
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Definition
| organisms that use C02 as a carbon source |
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Term
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Definition
| organisms that use organic compounds other than CO2 as their carbon source |
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Term
Define: photoautrotrophs
give examples |
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Definition
are organisms that use light as an energy source and CO2 as a carbon source
-some examples: plants, algae, cyanobacteria, purple and green sulfur bacteria] |
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Term
| Define: Photoheterotrophs |
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Definition
| use like as an energy source and organic compounds other than carbon dioxide as a carbon source |
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Term
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Definition
| use chemicals as energy and carbon dioxide as a carbon source |
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Term
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Definition
| Use chemicals as an energy source and organic compounds other than C02 as an energy source |
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Term
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Definition
| involve changes in the base sequences of genes |
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Term
| Define: Beneficial Mutations |
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Definition
| are mutations that are beneficial to the organisms |
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Term
| Define: Harmful Mutations |
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Definition
A mutation that leads to the production of a non-functional enzyme
-If this causes the cell to die- then it leads to LETHAL Mutation |
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Term
| Define: Silent [Neutral] Mutation |
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Definition
| A mutation that has no effect on the cell |
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Term
| Define: Spontaneous Mutation |
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Definition
| Random mutations that occur naturally |
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Term
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Definition
Physical or chemical agents that cause increase an mutation rate
ex. e-ray, ultraviolet light |
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Term
| Define: Spontaneous Mutation |
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Definition
| Random mutations that occur naturally |
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Term
|
Definition
Physical or chemical agents that cause increase an mutation rate
ex. e-ray, ultraviolet light |
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Term
|
Definition
Microorganisms that grow best at high temperatures
Minimm growth temperature: 25 oC
Optimum growth temperature: 50-60 oC
Maximum Growth Temperature: 113 oC |
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Term
|
Definition
Microbes that grow best at moderate temperatures
Min growth temp: 10 oC
Opt growth temp: 20-40 oC
Max growth temp: 45 oC |
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Term
|
Definition
organisms that "love" cold temperature
Min growth temp: -5 oC
Opt growth temp: 10-20 oC
Max growth temp: 30 oC |
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Term
| Define: Chemically defined medium |
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Definition
| all the ingredients are known - this is because the medium was prepared in the lab. |
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Term
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Definition
| One in which the exact contents are not known. Complex media contains ground up or digested extracts from animal organs which provide the necessary nutrients, vitamins, and minerals. |
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Term
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Definition
| A broth or solid medium containing a rich supply of special nutrients that promotes the growth of fastidious organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| Has added inhibitors that discourage the growth of certain organisms without inhibiting growth of the organism being sought. |
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Term
| Define: Differential medium |
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Definition
| allows one to readly differentiate among the various types of organisms that are growing on the medium. |
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Term
| Mannitol salt gar is used to screen for S. aureus. not only will S. aureus grow on MSA but it turns the orginally ________ medium to ________ because of it's ability to ferment mannitol. |
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Definition
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Term
| Define: Population Growth Curve |
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Definition
| A bacterial population growth curve consists of four phases: a lag phase, a log phase, a stationary phase, and a death phase. |
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Term
Inhibiting the Growth of Microorganisms in Vitro
Define: Sterilization |
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Definition
Sterilization involves the destruction or elimination of all microbes [ including cells, spores, and viruses]
-[note]: when something is sterile, it is devoid of microbial life. |
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Term
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Definition
| involves the elimination of most or all pathogens [except bacterial spores] from nonliving objects |
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Term
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Definition
| a method of disinfecting liquids |
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Term
| Chemicals used to disinfect inanimate objects, such as beside equipment and operating rooms are called |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| solutions used to disinfect skin and other living tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| the reduction of microbial population to levels considered safe by public health standards, such as those applied to restaurants. |
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Term
| Agents having the suffix "-cidial" or "cide" kill organisms whereas agents having the suffix "-static" merely mean ______ |
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Definition
| inhibit the growth and reproduction |
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Term
|
Definition
| a chemical agent or drug that kills pathogens |
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Term
|
Definition
| A chemical agent that destroys living organisms |
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Term
| Define: Microbicidal Agent |
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Definition
| A chemical or drug that kills microorganisms |
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Term
| Define: Bactericidal Agent |
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Definition
| A chemical that kills bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical or drug that kills spores |
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Term
| Define: Fungicidal Agents |
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Definition
| A chemical or drug that kills fungi, including fungal spores |
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical or bacteria that to kill algae in swimming pools and hot tubs |
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Term
|
Definition
| A chemical or drug that destroys viruses |
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Term
| Define:Microbistatic Agent |
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Definition
| A drug or chemical that inhibits reproduction or microorganisms, but does not necessarily kill them |
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Term
| Define: Bacteriostatic Agent |
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Definition
| one that specifically inhibits the metabolism and reproduction of bacteria. |
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Term
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Definition
| a good method of preserving microorganisms for future use |
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Term
| Define: Sepsis verse Asepsis |
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Definition
| Sepsis is the presence of pathogens in blood or tissue where Asepsis the absence of pathogens in blood or tissue |
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Term
| Define: Aseptic techniques |
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Definition
| Eliminate and exclude pathogens |
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Term
Define: Antisepsis
Antiseptic technique
Who created this technique ? |
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Definition
Antisepsis: The prevention of infection
Antisepsis Technique: the use of antiseptics
-John Lister in 1867 |
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Term
| What is the most common type of sterilization for inanimate objects able to withstand high temperatures? |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain: Thermal Death Point [TDP] verse Thermal Death Time [TDT] |
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Definition
TDP is the lowest temp. that will kill all the organisms in a standard pure culture within a specified period
TDT is the length of time necessary to sterilized a pure culture at a specified temp |
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Term
|
Definition
| large, metal pressure cooker that uses steam to destroy all microbial life |
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Term
TRUE OR FALSE.
Most organisms are not killed by cold temperature. |
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Definition
| True, instead their metabolic activities are slowed. |
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Term
| Define: Chemotherapeutic Agent |
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Definition
| ANY drug used to treat ANY condition or disease |
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Term
| The chemotherapueutic agents used to treat infectious diseases are collectively referred to as ____________ |
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Definition
Antimicrobial Agents
[thus, an antimicrobial agent is any chemical [drug] used to treat infectious disease, either by inhibiting or killing pathogens in vivo. |
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Term
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Definition
| a substance produced by a microorganism that is effective in killing or inhibiting the growth of other microorganisms |
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Term
| TRUE OR FALSE: all antibiotic antimicrobial agents are antibiotics |
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Definition
False.
Although all antibiotics are antimicrobial agents, not all antimicrobial agents are antibiotics. |
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Term
| TRUE OR FALSE: Antibiotics are primarily antibacterial agents and are thus used to treat bacterial diseases. |
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Definition
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Term
| Who discovered Penicillium? [and the first antibiotic] |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the characteristics of an ideal antimicrobial agent? |
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Definition
-Kill or inhibit the growth of pathogens
-Cause no damage to the host
-Cause no allergic reaction to the host
-Be stable when stored in a solid or liquid form
-Remain in specific tissues in the body long enough to be effective
-Kill the pathogens before they mutate and become resistant to it |
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Term
| What is the difference between Synergism versus Antagonism |
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Definition
| When the use of two antimicrobial agents to treat an infectious disease produces a degree of pathogen killing that is far greater than that achieved by either drug alone, the phenomenon is known as SYNERGISM- when the use of two drugs produces an extent of pathogens killing that is less than that achieved by either drug alone, the phenomenon is known as ANTAGONISM |
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Term
Mechanisms by which bacteria become resistant to antimicrobial agents
table
9-7 |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| An educated guess a physician makes - tells the pathogen and what medicine to perscribe before the acutal results come in |
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Term
| What are some factors a physician must take in beofre he perscribes a medication based on empric therapy? |
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Definition
-If the lab has the idenity of the pathogen, the clinician can refer to a pocket chart
-is the patient allergic to any antimicrobial agents
-What is the age of the patient
-is the patient prego
-is the paitient and inpatient or outpatient?
-what is the site of the patient infection |
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Term
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Definition
| the living together or close association of two dissimilar organisms [usually two different species] |
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Term
|
Definition
| used to describe a symbiotic relationship in which neither symbiotic is affected by the relationship. |
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Term
|
Definition
| used to describe a symbiotic relationship in which neither symbiotic is affected by the relationship. |
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Term
| Define: Microbial ecology |
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Definition
| the study of numerous interrelationships between microorganisms and the world around them |
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Term
|
Definition
| a symbiotic relationship that is beneficial to one symbiont and of no consequence [is not neither beneficial nor harmful] to the other |
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Term
|
Definition
| a symbiotic relationship that is beneficial to both symbionts [i.e. the relationship is mutually beneficial] |
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Term
|
Definition
| a symbiotic relationship that is beneficial to one symbiont [the parasite] and detrimental to the other symbiont [the host] |
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Term
| TRUE OR FALSE: A person's indigenous microflora or indigenous microbiota [sometimes referred to as "normal flora"] includes all of the microbes [bacteria. fungi, protozoa, and viruses] that reside on and within that person |
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Definition
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|
Term
| It is estamated that our indigenous microflora is composed of between ________ and _____ different species |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How many microbes live withing our bodies? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| TRUE OR FALSE: A fetus has indigenous microflora? |
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Definition
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Term
| Define: Microbial Antagonism |
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Definition
| Many members of our indigenous microflora serve a beneficial role by preventing other microbes from becomming established in or colonizing a particular anatomic location |
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Term
| Define: Opportunistic Pathogens |
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Definition
| can be thought of as organisms hanging around, awaiting the opportunity to cause infections |
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Term
| Name two vitamins we obtain from intestinal bacteria |
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Definition
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Term
| Define: Biotherapeutic agents [or probiotics] |
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Definition
| Bacteria and yeasts that are ingested to restablish and stabilize the miccrobial balance within our bodies |
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Term
| Define: Communicable disease |
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Definition
| If the infectious disease is transmissible from one human to another |
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Term
| Define: Contagious disease |
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Definition
| a communicable disese that is easily transmitted from one person to another |
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Term
|
Definition
| onfectious diseases that human acquire from animal sources |
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Term
|
Definition
| # of new cases of that disease |
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Term
|
Definition
| the ratio of the number of people wo died of a particular disease during a specified time per a specified population. also known as DEATH RATE |
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Term
|
Definition
| the number of new cases of a particular disease during a specified time period per specifically defined population |
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Term
| Difference bt Sporadic disease and endemic disease |
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Definition
| A sporadic disease is a disease that occurs only occasionally [sporadically] within a population of a particular geographic area, whereas an endemic disease that is always present within a population |
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Term
|
Definition
| diseases that occur in a greater than usual number of cases in a particular region, and usually occur within a relatively short period of time |
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Term
| Name the chain of infections [hint 6] |
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Definition
1. A pathogen
2. a reservoir of infection
3. a portal of exit
4. a mode of transmission
5. a portal of entry
6. a susceptible host |
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Term
| Define: Healthcare-associated infections [HAIs] |
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Definition
| infections that are acquired WITHIN hostipals or other healthcare facilities |
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Term
Define: Community-Acquired Infections
[how many days?] |
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Definition
infections that are acquired OUTSIDE of healthcare facilities
-can be as long as up to 14 days of hostipal discharge |
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Term
| In the United States, approximately __% of hospitzlized patients develop HAIs |
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Definition
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|
Term
| 3 components of specimen quality are |
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Definition
1. proper specimen selection [i.e. the correct type of specimen must be submitted]
2. prooper specimen collection
3. proper transport of the specimen to the lab |
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Term
| It has often been stated that the quality of the lab work performed in a CML can be only as good as the quality of the speciemns it receives - what does this mean? |
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Definition
| high-quality clinical specimens are required to achieve accurate, clinically relevant lab. results |
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Term
| In general usage, the terms infection and infectious disease are _______ |
|
Definition
synonyms
ex. the person has a ear infection
same thing as say.. the person has an infectious disease of the ear
[hint: infectious disease- disease cause by a microbe] |
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Term
| Many microbiologists, however, reserve use of the word infection to mean? |
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Definition
| colonization by a pathogen [i.e. when a pathogen lands on or enters a persons body and establishes residence there, then the person is infected with that pathogen |
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|
Term
Four Periods in the Course of an Infectious Disease
explain what happens |
|
Definition
[a] incubation period
[b] prodromal period
[c]period of illness
[d] convalescent |
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|
Term
Define: host cell mechanisms
how many lines of defenses does the body have? |
|
Definition
wyas in which the body protects itself from pathogens
-3 , the first two lines are nospecific and the third line of defense is specific |
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Term
| First line of defense: Skin and Mucous Membranes as Physical Barriers and cellular and chamical factors |
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Definition
intact skin and mucous membranes serve as nonspecific host defense mechanisms by serving as physical or mechanical barriers
- the dryness, acidity, and temperature of the skin inhibit colonization and growth of pathogens; perspiration flushes them away. |
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Term
| Define: Microbial anatagonism |
|
Definition
| When indigenous microflora prevent the establishment of arriving pathogens |
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Term
| The body normally responds to any local injury, irritation, microbial invasion, or bacterial toxin by a complex series of events collectively reffered to as ... |
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Definition
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Term
| The three major events in acute inflammation |
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Definition
Increase in capillary diameter
Increased permeability of capillaries
Egress of leukocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| is the scientific study of the immune system and immune response |
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Term
| The immune system is considered to be a specific host defense mechanism and the _______ line of defense |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two major arms of the immune system ? define them |
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Definition
Humoral Immunity - always involves the production of antibodies
Cell-Mediated Immuninty- involes various cell types, with antibodies playing on a minor roll |
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Term
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Definition
| Immunity that results from the active production or receipt of productive antibodies during one's lifetime |
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Term
| [acquired immunity] - if the antibodies are actually produced within the person's body the immunity is called _______ but if the person recives antibodies that were produced by another person or by more than one person, or, in some cases by an animal- such protection is usually only temporary. |
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Definition
| Active acquired Immunity ; passive acquired immunity |
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Term
| Two Types of Active Acquired Immunity |
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Definition
Natural- immunity that is acquired in response to the entry of a live pathogen into the body [i.e. in response to an actual infection]
Artificial -immunity that is acquired in response to VACCINES |
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Term
| Two Types of Passive Acquired Immunity |
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Definition
Natural immunity that is acquired by a fetus when it recives maternal antibodies in the utero or by an infant when it recives its maternal antibodies contained in colostrum
Artificial passive acquired immunity - immunity that is acquired when a person recives antibodies contained in antisera or gamma globulin |
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Term
| Where do immune responses occur? |
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Definition
| immune responses occur at many body sites, including the spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils and adenoids |
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Term
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Definition
| foreign organic substances that are large enough to stimulate the production on antibodies |
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Term
| Individual molecues that stimulate the production of antibodies are referred to as |
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Definition
| Antigenic determinants or epitopes |
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Term
| The cells that secrete antibodies are called? |
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Definition
| plasma cells; they are derived from B cells |
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Term
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Definition
| the superficial portion of the skin |
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Term
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Definition
| the inner layer of the skin, containing blood and lympathic vessels, nerves, glands, and hair follicles |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| glands in the dermis that usually open into hair follicles and secrete an oily substance known as SEBUM |
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Term
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Definition
| Inflammation of a hair follicle,the sac that contains a hair shaft |
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Term
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Definition
| Inflammation of a sebacous gland that opens into a follicle of an eyelash |
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Term
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Definition
A localized pyogenic (pus producing) infection of the skin
also known as a BOIL |
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Term
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Definition
| A deep seated pyogenic infection of the skin |
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Term
Chickenpox.
Reservior & Mode of Transmission |
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Definition
Reservior: Infected humans
Transmission: person to person contact or droplet/airborne spread |
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Term
Rubella (German Measles)
Reservior & Transmission |
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Definition
Res: infected humans
Trans: droplet spread or direct contact w/ nasophyrengeal secretions |
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Term
Rubeola (Measles)
Reservior & Transmission |
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Definition
Reser: Infected humans
Trans: airborner, droplet, direct person-person |
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Term
Staphyloccal Skin Infections
Res & Trans |
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Definition
R: Infected Humans
Trans: person w/ draining lesion or any discharge |
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Term
Streptococcal Skin.
Res & Trans |
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Definition
Res: Infected Humans
Trans: person to person via large respiratory droplets or direct contact with patients |
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Term
Trachoma (Chlamydia Keratoconjuntivitis)
Pathogen |
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Definition
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Term
Gonoccal Conjunctivitis (Gonorheal Ophtalmia)
Pathogen? |
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Definition
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Term
Streptoccal Pharyngitis ( Strep Throat)
Pathogen |
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Definition
Streptococcus pyogenes
aka Strep A |
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Term
Legionellosis
Pathogen, Reservior, Transmission |
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Definition
Legionella Pneumophilia
Environmental water sources
Trans: Aerosols produced by misting devices |
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Term
Tuberculosis
Pathogen, Reservior, Transmission |
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Definition
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Infected Humans, rarely primates and cattle
Ariborne droplet |
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Term
Whopping Cough (Pertusis)
Pathogen? |
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Definition
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Term
Campylobacter Enteritis
Reservior and Transmission |
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Definition
Res: animals including poultry
Trans: contaminated foods, raw milk, cutting boards |
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Term
Salmonellosis
Reservior and Transmission |
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Definition
Res: wild and domestic animales
Trans: Contaminated food, beef, cattle, milk |
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Term
Influenza (Flu)
Reservior & Transmission |
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Definition
Res: Infected humans, pigs, birds
Trans: Ariborne spread and direct contact |
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Term
| Avian Influenza (Bird Flu) |
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Definition
Note: Caused by Influenza A only
Res: infected wild and domesticated birds
Trans: Bird to human via infected poultry or surfaces |
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Term
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Definition
| Inflammation of the colon |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Inflammation of the intestines, usually referring to the small intestine |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation of the stomach |
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Term
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Definition
| Inflammation of the liver |
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Term
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Definition
Lower Tract: Bladder (Cystitis), Urethra, and Prostate
Upper Tract: Kidneys(Nephritis) and Ureters |
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Term
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Definition
| Inflammation of the membrane that lines the cavaties of the heart |
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Term
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Definition
| Inflammatoin of the muscular walls of the heart |
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Term
| What does the CNS consists of? |
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Definition
| Brain, the spinal cord, and the meninges |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| Inflammation of the spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| Ingestion of poisons, drugs, vaccines, or a pathogen |
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Term
True or False.
Viral Meningitis is sometimes referred to "aseptic meningitis" |
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Definition
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Term
| What percentage of Trichanomas is caused by vaginitis? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Res: Infected humans, possibly beavers and other animals that have ingested water containing giardia cysts
Trans: fecal-orals, conataminated water, person to person |
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