Term
| What 3 embryological structures form the eye? |
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Definition
1. Neural ectoderm
2. Surface ectoderm
3. Neural crest cells |
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Term
| Macropalpebral fissure affects which breeds of dogs? The defect predisposes the dog to what disorder? |
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Definition
1. Brachycephalic breeds
2. Lagophthalmos |
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Term
| Cilia emerging from the meibomian gland characterizes this eyelid condition? When the extra cilia come in contrast with the globe, what does this result in? |
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Definition
1. Distichiasis
2. Corneal and Conjunctival irritation |
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Term
| _____ causes suppurative inflammation of the meibomian glands usually due to Staphyloccocus and ____ is a granulomatous inflammatory reaction to retained meibomian (sebacceous) gland secretions (lipid) |
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Definition
a) Meibomitis
b) Chalazion |
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Term
| What is the most common eyelid tumor in dogs? Describe its biological activity. Name 2 other common eyelid tumors in dogs. |
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Definition
a. Meibomian gland adenoma
b. benign, slow growing
c. Melanoma (benign) and Papilloma |
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Term
| What is the most common eyelid tumor in cats? Describe it's biological activity |
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Definition
a) Squamous cell carcinoma
b) Malignant and locally invasive |
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Term
| What is the most common eyelid tumor in horses? What is the most common eyelid tumor in cattle? |
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Definition
a. Horses = Sarcoids due to insect transmission
b. Cattle = Squamous cell carcinoma; increased age, sparce periocular pigmentation, and UV light exposure (3 risk factors) |
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Term
| Name 4 responses to conjuntival tissue insult |
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Definition
1. Hyperemia
2. Chemosis
3. Ocular discharge
4. Follicle formation
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Term
| Name 3 causes of Feline conjunctivitis |
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Definition
1. Feline Herpes virus
2. Chlamydia
3. Mycoplasma spp. |
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Term
| Name 3 causes of conjunctival neoplasia |
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Definition
1. Squamous cell carcinoma
2. Angiosarcoma
3. Lymphosarcoma |
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Term
| The most common sclera neoplasia of dogs and cats is____? |
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Definition
| a. Episcleral melanocytoma |
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Term
| True of False: Diseases affecting the nicitans are vision threatening? |
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Definition
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Term
| Nasolacrimal system lesions generally result in obstruction to normal tear drainage and _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Name 2 acquired diseases of the lacrimal system |
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Definition
1. Dacryoadenitis
2. Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca (KCS) |
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Term
| Name 3 viruses that cause Dacryoadenitis |
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Definition
1. Feline herpes virus
2. Canine distemper virus
3. Sialoadenitis virus ( corona virus) |
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Term
| What is the major indicator of corneal disease? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name 4 corneal responses to injury |
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Definition
1. Ulceration
2. Edema
3. Vascularization
4. Inflammatory cell infiltrate
5. Pigmentation
6. Fibrosis
7. Metabolic infiltrate |
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Term
| Name 2 responses of adjacent tissues to corneal injury |
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Definition
1. Conjunctival vascular injection
2. Miosis and ciliary body spasms |
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Term
| Miosis and ciliary body spasms initiate 2 reflexes. What are they? |
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Definition
a. Axonal reflex - CN V
b. Oculopupillary reflex - CN V and CN III |
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Term
| What is the sequence of ulcerative keratitis? |
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Definition
a. Epithelial loss
b. Stromal loss
c. Descemetocele
d. Corneal perforation |
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Term
| What are 3 reasons why a corneal wound fails to heal? |
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Definition
1. Persistence of underlying cause
2. Microbial infection
3. Refractory or indolent epithelial ulcer |
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Term
| What are species specific etiologies (causes) of corneal ulceration |
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Definition
a. Canine = Endogenous trauma (ex. eyelash disorders, lagophthalmos, KCS)
b. Feline = primary viral infection - Feline Herpes Virus
c. Equine = Exogenous trauma with secondary bacterial or fungal infection
d. Bovine = primary bacterial infection - Moraxella bovis; infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis
e. Ovine and Caprine = primary bacterial infection - keratoconjunctivitis; mycoplasma spp. for goats |
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Term
Definitions
1. Anterior uveitis (irdocyclitis)
2. Posterior uveitis
3. Panuveitis |
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Definition
1. Anterior uveitis (irdocyclitis) = inflammation of the iris and ciliary bodies
2. Posterior uveitis = inflammation of the choroid
3. Panuveitis = inflammation of anterior and posterior uvea |
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Term
| What are some of the clinical findings for Anterior Uveitis? |
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Definition
1. Pain = spasm of iris/ciliary muscles
2. Redness = scleral and conjunctival hyperemia
3. Swelling = iris
4. Loss of function - corneal edema, miosis, hypotony |
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Term
| What are the etiologies of Anterior Uveitis? |
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Definition
a. Trauma
b. Corneal/Scleral Injury
c. Systemic Microbial infection
d. Immune Mediated
- Lens induced uveitis (Canine Adenovirus)
- Autoimmune disorders (VKH- like syndrome)
- Chronic, idiopathic uveitis
e. Neoplasia
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|
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Term
| Name a common primary uveal neoplasia of canines and felines |
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Definition
a. Canine = Benign melanoma
b. Feline - Diffuse iris melanoma; malignant ( 50-70% will metastisize) |
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Term
| Name a common secondary uveal neoplasia? |
|
Definition
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Term
| The lens is capable of responding to injury in 2 ways..what are they? |
|
Definition
1. development of a cataract
2. change in position (displacement) |
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Term
| What are the 4 stages of development (in cataracts)? |
|
Definition
a. incipient
b. immature
c. mature
d. hypermature |
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Term
| What are 4 etiologies of cataracts? |
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Definition
a. Genetic cataracts - most common for dogs
b. Trauma
c. Idiopathic or age-related
d. Diabetes melitus esp. dogs
e. Nutritional
f. Secondary to retinal degeneration |
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Term
| What are 4 etiologies for Lens Displacement? (degeneration or damage to lens zonules) |
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Definition
a. Trauma - uncommon
b. Secondary to chronic uveitis
c. Idiopathic, senile zonular degeneration
d. Primary - familial (genetic) tendency in terrier breeds of dogs |
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Term
| What are the 1st tissues to be damaged in glaucoma? |
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Definition
| a. neural retina and optic nerve |
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Term
| What is the flow of aqueou humor production? |
|
Definition
| Non-pigmented ciiary body epithelium - posterior chamber - pupil - anterior chamber - iridocorneal angle - venous collecting vessels - systemic circulation |
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Term
| What are causes of secondary glaucoma? |
|
Definition
a. Anterior uveitis
b. Anterior lens luxation
c. Intumescent (swollen) lens - common with diabetic cataracts
d. Extensive posterior synechia (iris bombe)
e. Collapsed anterior chamber (penetrating wound)
f. Neoplasia
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|
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Term
| Name 3 lesions of Glaucoma |
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Definition
a. corneal edema
b. Optic nerve "cupping" or posterior bowing
c. Uveal atrophy
d. Paralysis of musculature
e. Retinal atrophy |
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Term
| Name 2 causes of thinning/absence of the retina? Effect on tapetal fundus? |
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Definition
a. Atrophy
b. Degeneration
Effect on tapetal fundus - Hyperreflectivity |
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Term
Name 4 causes of thickening of the sensory retina? Effect on tapetal fundus?
|
|
Definition
a. inflammation
b. edema
c. dysplasia
d. neoplasia
-Hyporeflectivity |
|
|
Term
Name 3 mechanisms of retinal detachment?
|
|
Definition
a. Tractional
b. Subretinal fluid accumulation
c. Rhegmatogenous |
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Term
| Name 2 causes for engorgement of retinal vessels? |
|
Definition
a. Hypertension
b. Inflammation |
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Term
| Name 2 causes for attenuation of the retinal vasculature |
|
Definition
a. retinal atrophy
b. anemia
c. glaucoma
d. Hypotension |
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|
Term
| What are 2 causes for a small optic nerve? |
|
Definition
*a. cupping
*b. atrophy
c. coloboma
d. Hypoplasia |
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Term
| True/False: Orbital neoplasia is malignant in both canines and felines |
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Definition
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