Term
| Blood pressure should be taken only after the patient has been ____ or ____ ___ for ___ minutes. Patient should not have had any ____ or _____ for at least ____ minutes prior to measurement. |
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Definition
sitting lying down 5 caffeine nicotine 30
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Term
| What test should be ordered if you suspect a carotid occlusion but do not notice a bruit with your stethescope? |
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Definition
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Term
| Microaneurysms are associated with ____ capillary bed. If associated aneurysms are seen with the heme, you should expect to see ____ ____ hemorrhages. |
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Definition
deep dot blot hemorrhages |
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Term
| Macroaneurysms are different from microaneurysms in that they do not involve ______ _____ but rather ____ _____ (____ ____ ____ ____) |
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Definition
capillary beds major vessels (artery, vein, arteriole, venule) |
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Term
| Macroaneurysms are a ____ defect in the blood vessel, that causes the ____ of the blood vessel to break down, creating a balooning or outpocket. |
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Definition
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Term
Three possible results of macroaneuryms are |
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Definition
edema hemorrhage spontaneous involution
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Term
| Macroaneurysm usually involve the _____ but can also involve the ____, opposite of ______. |
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Definition
arteries veins microaneurysms |
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Term
| If you see an aneurysm _____, it needs to be treated whether vision is effected or not. |
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Definition
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Term
| If a patient with a macroaneurysm is asymptomatic you should do a _____ workup and _____ the patient for ____ ____ ____. |
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Definition
systemic monitor 3-6 months |
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Term
| Why are hard exudates shaped like stars in the macular area? |
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Definition
| Because the interplexiform layer is absent, being replaced with Henle's layer to allow the macular retina to be thinner |
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Term
| Most of the time hard exudates are confined to the posterior pole except in cases of ____ disease. |
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Definition
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Term
| The absence of hard exudates in retinal ischemic disease, such as ______, may be secondary to ______ ( ) cell death from anoxia. |
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Definition
BRAO microglial (macrophage) |
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Term
| Long standing exudates assume a ______ _____color because of the accumulation of _______ crystals. |
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Definition
glittering gold cholestirin |
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Term
| _______ or ______ are almost always present near hard exudates on _______ ______. |
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Definition
Microaneurysms Macroaneurysms fluoroscein angiography |
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Term
| ____ is a necessary precursor to exudate formation, whether ______ in diseases such as diabetes or _____ in diseases such as hypertension. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ _____ in the fovea are a poor prognostic sign of visual recovery. |
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Definition
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Term
| Hard exudates in the presence _____ _____ _____ are a sign of poor visual recovery. |
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Definition
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Term
| Photocooagulation has not had a great deal of success with long-standing ____ _____ primarily because the retina has been _______ ____ _____. |
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Definition
hard exudates damaged too long |
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Term
| Any time dot blot hemorrhages or hard exudates are visible, it is safe to assume that _______ are present or have been present |
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Definition
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Term
_____ ____ leak profusely and are best seen on _____ _____. |
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Definition
Retinal microaneurysms fluorscein angiography |
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