Term
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Definition
A functional group that constains a Carbon Nitrogen double bond the a an aryl or alkyl group attached the Nitrogen but not a Hydrogen |
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Term
| What does glucose bind with to form the green complex in determining the relative amount of glucose in the blood and the urine? |
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Definition
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Term
| What two sugars make up lactose? |
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Definition
Beta-Galactosyl (1-4) Beta-Glucose |
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Term
| What two sugars make up maltose? |
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Definition
| alpha-glucosyl (1-4) Beta-Glucose |
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Term
| What two sugars make up sucrose? |
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Definition
| alpha-glucosyl (1-2) Beta-Fructose |
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Term
| What is the preferred term for saccharides of more than 10 units? |
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Definition
| polysaccharides or glycan |
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Term
| What are the two most common storage forms of carbohydrates in plants? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which plant storage polysaccharide has no alpha 1-6 linkages? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which storage polysaccharide has more alpha 1-6 linkages, amylopectin or glycogen? |
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Definition
glycogen, these alpha 1-6 linkages occuring every 6-21 carbons are what allows the glycogen molecule to be very compact |
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Term
| In what part of the liver or muscle cell is glycogen stored? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name two types of cells in the eye that maintain glycogen stores? |
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Definition
| corneal epithelial cells and retinal Mueller cells |
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Term
| Name two types of cell in the eye that do not store glycogen? |
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Definition
| corneal endothelial cells and the retinal photoreceptors |
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Term
In what conditions can the use of proteins and lipids to make ATP be patholoical to tissues due to being excessive? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which reactions in carbohydrate metabolism occur in the cytoplasm of the cell? |
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Definition
| Up to the generation of ATP all reactions occur in the cytoplasm of the cell. After that, they all occur in the mitochondria. |
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Term
What is the purpose of the first step of glycolysis, when the carbohydrate is phosphorylated by hexokinase? |
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Definition
| to keep the carbohydrate inside the cell |
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Term
| Where does glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate get its phosphate group? |
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Definition
Free phosphate in the cytoplasm, not ATP |
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Term
| What causes swelling in the eye and other tissues as a result of increased glycolysis under anerobic conditions? |
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Definition
| increased lactate concentration in epithelial tissues and anterior stromal tissues of the cornea |
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Term
| Would you expect a cell with a partial Oxygen pressure of 155 mm Hg to be swollen? |
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Definition
| no, but at night or during hard contact lens wear the partial pressure of oxygen can dip to 55 mm Hg |
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Term
| What are the best contacts to keep oxygen pressure higher? |
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Definition
| Rigid Gas Permeable>Soft lens>hard contact lens |
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Term
| Where does the Krebs cycle occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the primary purpose of the Kreb's cycle in energy production? |
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Definition
to supply electrons for the production of ATP |
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Term
| How many reactions occur in one turn of the Kreb's cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many carbons are lost as CO2 in one turn of the Kreb's cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which lipid soluble quinone wiht a long hydrocarbon tail shuttle electrons shuttles electrons between protein complex 1 and 3 and also between protein complex 2 and 3 as separate reactions in the inner membrane of the mitochondria? |
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Definition
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Term
| What small lipophilic protein (13,000 D) shuttles electrons between protein complex III and protein complex IV in the inner layer of the mitochondria? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which molecule ferries electrons to protein complex 1in the inner membrane of the mitochondria? |
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Definition
| NADH, with NAD+ given off |
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Term
| What molecule ferries electrons to protein complex II in the mitochondria? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the energy gained in protein complexes 1, 3, and 4 used to do in the inner membrane of the mitochondria? |
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Definition
| Pump H+ ions from the matrix to the inter membrane space of the mitochondria to create an electrochemical gradient |
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Term
| What protein complex is ATP synthase? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many protons need to pass from the intermembrane space of the mitochondria to the matrix through ATP synthase (complex 5) to create 1 molecule of ATP? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many ATP are produced from the movement of 2 electrons from NADH to water? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many ATP are produced by the movement of 2 electrons from FADH2 to water? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many electrons are pumped out of the inner mitochondrial membrane when NADH2 is the source? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many electrons are pumped out of the inner membrane when FADH2 is the source? |
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Definition
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Term
What molecule is borrwowed from the Embden Meyerhoff pathway by the reaction with NADH? |
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Definition
| Dihydroxy acetone phosphate which is converted to glycerol 3 phosphate by glycerol 3 phosphate dehydrogenase. |
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Term
| Where does the glycerol 3 phosphate shuttle take place? |
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Definition
| the brain cells and muscle cells |
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Term
| Where does the malate aspartate shuttle commonly occur in the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name one important difference in the glycerol phosphate and malate aspartate shuttles? |
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Definition
| The final electron acceptor in the malate asparatate is NADH rather than FADH2 allowing the cell to gain an additional ATP from each two carbon electron donor. |
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