Term
| What are the layers of the eye |
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Definition
Outer Fibrous: Cornea/Sclera
Middle Pigmented: Uveal Tract, Iris, Ciliary Body, Choroids
Inner Neuroectodermal: Retina, Iris Epithelium |
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Term
| Inflammatory lesions of the eyelids and their causes |
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Definition
Acute Hordeolum(Styes): External-Staph inf. of lashs, Internal-Meibomianitis
Chalazion: Chronic Granuloma rxn to lipid |
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Term
| What are the tumors that affect the eyelids |
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Definition
Basal Cell Carcinoma: Lower Lid(most common), Inner canthus, Upper lid, Won't metastasize
Sebaceous carcinoma(Meibomian or Zeis glands): Appears as recurrent Chalazation |
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Term
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Definition
| Infection of the lacrimal drainage system caused initially by an obstruction |
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Term
| What are common pathologies of the conjunctiva |
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Definition
Conjunctivitis: Bacteria, Viruses, Allergies
Pinguecula: Actinic damage to the substancia propria |
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Term
| What are some common pathologies of the cornea? |
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Definition
Abrasions: Dx-Fluorescein Dye
Inflamation(keratitis): Herpes*Simplex, Bacteria, Fungal(never give steroid drops)
Pterygium: Pinguecula growing across cornea
Corneal Dystrophies: Bilateral, opacification of cornea |
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Term
| What are the types of cataracts and their causes? |
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Definition
Congenital
Cortical: Degeneration of lens cortex
Nuclear: Age-dependent inward growth of epithelium
Posterior Subcapsular-epithelial posterior migration and proliferation
Anterior Subcapsular-Epithelial irritation proliferation
Secondary: adjacent inflamation
Drug
Metabolic |
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Term
| What are some trauma lesions of the eye and how are they managed? |
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Definition
Lacerations/Perforations: usually expel globe content, double-patch and rushed to ER
Contusions: Hyphemas, double-patch and rest
Intraocular Foreign Bodies: Must remove bc ions poison retina
Irreversible Eye injury: Enucleate eye within two weeks to prevent "Sympathetic Uveitis" |
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Term
| What are the classifications of Acute Ocular Inflammation and how are they treated |
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Definition
Endophthalmitis: 2 ocular coats
Panophthalmitis: All ocular Coats
Shotgun Antibiotis to prevent any damage (healing can cause blindness) |
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Term
| What are the types of chronic ocular inflammation |
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Definition
Nongranulomatous
Granulomatious: Sympathetic Uveitis(Diffuse), Sarcoidosis(Nodular), Phacoanaphylactic Endopthalmitis(Localize area from lens capsule rupture) |
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Term
| What is the diagnosis of a red eye with a miotic, fixed eye and a red, mydritic eye? |
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Definition
Miotic: Uveitis
Mydriatic: Glaucoma |
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Term
| What is the normal flow of vitreous fluid in the eye? |
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Definition
| Ciliary body-> Posterior chamber-> Trabecular meshwork-> Anterior Chamber-> Canal of Schlemm-> Ducts of Asher |
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Term
| What are the types of glaucoma? |
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Definition
Congenital: Buphthalmos(ox eye)
Primary Narrow-Angle: Hyperopic eyes with shallow anterior angle
Primary Open Angle: Visual field loss
Secondary: Diabetes usually |
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Term
| What layer's separate in retinal detachment and what are some causes |
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Definition
Neural retina and pigmented retina detach
Tumor
Causes: Rhegmatogenous-holes in neural retina
Tractional
Exudative |
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Term
| What are the manifestations of diabetic neuropathy and how are these patients managed? |
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Definition
Microaneuryms, Vitreal hemmorrhage-> Neovascularization (Proliferative)
Management: Eye Exam Annually, Vitrectomy and photocoagulation tx for edema/proliferation retinopathy |
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Term
| What is the cause of Central artery occlusion and how would it appear in the fundic exam and hstologically |
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Definition
Ischemic retinal stroke
Fundic: Narrowed Arteriole, Macular edema, Cherry red spot
Histology: Coagulative necrosis |
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Term
| What is the appearance of retinal vein occlusion in fundic exam |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the appearance of hypertensive retinopathy in fundic exam |
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Definition
Arteriolar narrowing(Group 1/2)
Hemorrage+Exudates(Group 3)
Papilledema(Group 4) |
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Term
| What is the appearance of each of different types of retinal hemorrhage and exudates |
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Definition
Hemorrhage
Nerve Fiber layer: Flame or splinter
Middle Retinal Layers: Blot and Dot
Preretinal: Boat Shaped (Aircraft Carrier)
Sub-Retinal Pigmental Epithelium: Dark colored, like tumor
Vitreous: Massive Blinding
Exudates
Soft: Microinfarcts of Nerve Fiber
Hard: Outer Plexiform layer watershed areas |
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Term
| Most common ocular neoplasm in adults |
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Definition
| Malignant Melanoma of the choroids/ciliary body |
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Term
| What is the most common intraocular tumor of kids? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the histological type of choroid malignant melanomas and their prognosis. how do they typically present? |
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Definition
Spindle cell (A&B)-Best
Mixed
Epitheliod-Worst
Collar button shape breaking through Bruch's membrane and Metastasize to Liver |
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Term
| What is the only human cancer that is inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the histology of retinoblastoma and how does it typically present and what determines the prognosis |
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Definition
His:Flexner-Wintersteiner Rosettes, Fleurettes rarely
Presentation: Leukocoria and sometimes esotropia early on
Prog: Extent of invasion of the optic nerve
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Term
| What are some tumors that metastasize to the eye and how common are metastases to the eye |
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Definition
Lung (Early), Breast(late)
2nd most common intraocular tumor |
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Term
| What is the hallmark of orbital disease |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most common cause of unilateral and bilateral exophthalmos? |
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Definition
| Thyroid Exophthamopathy(Grave's) |
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Term
| What are some inflammations and tumors that can cause orbital diseasethus presenting with exophthalmos? |
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Definition
Inflamations:
Cellulitis
Inflammatory Pseudotumor: chronic inflammation
Phycomycosis(Mucormycosis)-usually diabetics
Tumors:
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Cavernous hemangioma
Lacrimal Gland Tumors
Epitheliod Tumors |
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Term
| What patients are managed with Panretinal photocoagulation versus Focal |
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Definition
Panretinal: Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy
Focalretinal: Pts with a Background of diabetic retinopathy |
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