Term
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Definition
(apraclondine)
dilate the pupil |
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Term
|
Definition
(acetylcholine, pilocarpine)
constrict the pupil |
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Term
|
Definition
(atropine, cyclopentolate)
paralyze the ciliary body
have mydriatic properties
cycloplegia: paralysis of accommodation |
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Term
|
Definition
Antiglaucoma drugs
Antimicrobial and antiinflammatory drugs
topical anesthetics
diagnostic drugs
antiallergic drugs
lubricants and moisturizers |
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Term
|
Definition
1. inhibition of the normal flow and drainage of aqueous humor
2. results in increased intraocular pressure IOP
3. pressure against the retina destroys neurons, leading to impaired vision and eventual blindness |
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Term
| When administering eyedrops for glaucoma, the nurse understands the desired drug effect causes |
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Definition
| decreased intraocular pressure |
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Term
| Cholinergic Drugs Indications |
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Definition
open angle glauscoma
angle closure glaucoma
ocular surgery
convergent strabismus (cross eye)
opthalmologic exams |
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Term
| Cholinergic Drugs Adverse Effects |
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Definition
1. most limited to local effects
2. if sufficient amounts enter the bloodstream, systemic effect may occur (most likely with indirect acting)
3. hypotension, bradycardia, tachycardia, headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, asthma attacks |
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Term
| Sympathomimetics Indications |
|
Definition
1. chronic open angle glaucoma (to reduce (IOP)
2. reduction of perioperative IOP
3. reduction of ocular hypertension |
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Term
| Sypathomimetics Adverse Effects |
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Definition
1. primarily limited to ocular effects - burning, eye pain, lacrimation
2. rare systemic effects - hypertension, tachycardia, extrasystoles, headache, faintness |
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Term
| Beta- Adrenergic Blockers - indications |
|
Definition
1. reduction of elevated IOP (chronic open angle glaucoma, ocular hypertension)
2. treatment of some forms of angle-closure glaucoma |
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Term
| Beta-Adrenergic Blockers - Adverse Effects |
|
Definition
1. primarily ocular effects - transient burning and discomfort; blurred vision; pain; photophobia; others
2. limited systemic effects - headache, dizziness, cardiac irregularities, bronchospasm |
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Term
| Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors - Indications |
|
Definition
1. treatment of glaucoma - open angle and angle closure
2. preoperatively to reduce intraocular pressure |
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Term
| Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors - Adverse Effects |
|
Definition
1. oral forms can produce systemic effects - drowsiness, confusion, transient myopia, tinnitus, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea,
2. pts with sulfa allergies may develop cross- sensitivities |
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Term
| Osmotic Diuretics - indications |
|
Definition
acute glaucoma episodes
before and after ocular sugery to reduce IOP |
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Term
| Osmotic Diuretics - adverse effects |
|
Definition
| nausea, vomiting, headache, may cause fluid and electrolyte imbalance |
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Term
|
Definition
| may cause permanent eye color change |
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|
Term
| Which antiglaucoma drug works by increasing the outflow of aqueous humor between the uvea and sclera as well as via the usual exit through the trabecular meshwork? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which statement about use of corticosteroids for ocular inflammation does the nurse identify as being true. |
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Definition
| They are used during the acute phase of the injury process to prevent fibrosis and scarring which result in visual impairment |
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Term
| A patient receiving tetrahydrozoline asks how the drug works. The best response by the nurse will include that the drug works by |
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Definition
| promoting vasoconstriction of blood vesselss in and around the eye |
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Term
|
Definition
assess the pt's history, including med. history
2. assess baseline vitals, visual acuity, and perform a physical assessment of the eye and surrounding structures
3. assess for contraindications to specific drugs |
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Term
|
Definition
1. follow specific guidelines for administration of ophthalmic drugs
2. avoid touching the eye with the tip of the dropper or container
3. apply ointments as a thin layer in the conjunctival sac |
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Term
| When administering eyedrops to a pt, the nurse places the drop |
|
Definition
| into the lower conjunctival sac |
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Term
|
Definition
1. when applying eyedrops, have the pt look up to the ceiling and place the drop in the conjunctival sac
2. pressure may be applied to the inner canthus for at least 1 minute to reduce systemic absorption of the drug |
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Term
|
Definition
If more than one eye medication is ordered, clarify the correct order and intervals for admin.
2. if pt wears contact lenses, check t see if they should be removed during therapy with eye meds.
3. provide pt/family education on correct procedures for administration of eye meds. |
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Term
| A 60 year old male with a history of benign prostatic hypertrophy and hypertension is seen in the ER because he was trimming his shrubs and got something in right eye. He complains of a pain rating of 8 on a scale of 1 to 10 in the right eye. Which med. does the nurse anticipate administering via eyedrop to help control the pt's pain? |
|
Definition
tetracaine
begins to work in 25 seconds and lasts for 15 to 20 minutes. numbs eye |
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Term
| After administering an ophthalmic anesthetic drug, what adverse effects possibly develop |
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Definition
| stinging, burning, redness, lacrimation, blurred vision |
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Term
| The ophthamologist tells the pt that she is going to place a dye onto the pt's eye to help identify the location of the foreign object. Which drug does the nurse anticipate the ophthamologist will use? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| A foreign particle is removed from the pt's eye. He tells the nurse that he previously forgot to metion that he takes eyedrops for glaucoma. He can't remember the name of the drug, but he knows the eyedrop bottle has a purple lid. The nurse identifies a purple lid as most likely containing which type of antiglaucoma drug? |
|
Definition
Sympathomimetics
Sympathomimetics are usually in a bottle that has a purple lid. Direct Acting cholinergics have a green lid. Prostaglandin agonist - teal or clear lid and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors have an orange lid |
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Term
|
Definition
1. antiglaucoma drug - direct-acting cholinergic drug
2. used as a miotic in the treatment of glaucoma
3. available as an ocular gel and solution
4. ocular inset applied once/week |
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|
Term
| echothiophate (Phospholine Iodide) |
|
Definition
1. antiglaucoma
2. indirect-acting cholinergic tht has an onranophosphate structure and acts by phosphorylating cholinesterase enzymes.
3. effect is normally irreversible until new enzymes are synthesized by the body, which may take days to weeks
4. long acting |
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Term
|
Definition
1. synthetic sympathomimetic miotic drug
2. prodrug of epinephrine that has little or no pharmacologic activity until hydrolyzed in the eye to two chemically modified forms of epinephrine
2. has enhanced lipophilicity and canbetter penetrate into tissues of the anteriour chamber of the eye |
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Term
|
Definition
1. beta selective beta blocker
2. one of the most potent and selective beta blocking drugs.
3. Its ability to decrease aqueous humor formation and reduce intraocular pressure |
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Term
|
Definition
1. differs slightly from other beta blockers in that it may increase the outflow of aqueous humor as well as deccrease its formation
2. indicated for treatment of open angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension
3. available with or without preservatives
also available as a gel |
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Term
|
Definition
| indicated for treatment of elevated IOP associated with either ocular hypertension or open angle glaucoma |
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Term
|
Definition
naturally occurring prostaglandin
2. it is converted by hydrolysis to prostaglandin with in turn reduces IOP
3. iris pigmentation - changes eye color |
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Term
|
Definition
1. effective against a wide variety of gram negative and gram positive organisms including staph and strept that have developed resistance to other antibiotics
2. available as an ointment and a solution |
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Term
|
Definition
1. macrolide antibiotic
2. indicated for treatment of various ophthalmic infections
3. oral an IV formsand as an ointment
4. indicated to treat pediatric conjunctivitis and prevention of eye infections in newborns that may be caused by gonorrhoeae |
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Term
|
Definition
1. used to treat various eye infections
2. single and combo products
3. available as ointment |
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Term
|
Definition
1. synthetic quinolone antibiotic
2. ointment and solution
3. indicated for the treatment of bacterial keratitis and conjunctivitis
4. adverse reaction is appearance of white, crystalline precipitates occuring within any corneal lesions that do not affect clinical outcome |
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Term
|
Definition
most commonly used ophthalmic sulfonamide antibacterial
2. available as solution or ointment |
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Term
|
Definition
1. synthetic corticosteroid
2. used to treat inflammation of eye, eyelids, conjunctiva and cornea and may also be used in treatment of uveitis, iridocyclitis, allergic conditions and burns and in removal of foreign bodies
3. available as an ointment, suspension, solution |
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Term
|
Definition
1. solution and ointment are used as mydriatic and cycloglegic drugs
2. drug dilates the pupil and paralyzes the ciliary muscle
3. used to assist in eye exam to treat uveal tract inflammatory states |
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Term
|
Definition
an array of products available OTC to provide lubrication
1. indicated in dry, irritated eyes
2. contain buffers to adjust Ph
3. eyedrops restasis is an ophthalmic form of the immunosuppressant drug cyclosporine and can be used with artificial tears |
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