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| A type of learning in which behavior is influenced by the consequences that follow it |
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| Learning in which an organism's behavior is instrumental in bringing out certain outcomes |
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| A response followed by a satisfying consequence will become more likely to occur while one followed by an annoying consequence will become less likely to occur |
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| A response is strengthened by an outcome that follows it |
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| An increase in the frequency of a response |
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| The outcome (stimulus or event) |
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| Occurs when a response is weakened by outcomes that follow it |
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| A consequence that weakens behavior |
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| Skinner's analysis of operant behavior requires what 3 events? |
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| Antecedents, Behaviors, Consequences |
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| Stimuli present before behavior occurs |
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| Skinner's 3 Events example 1 |
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Definition
antecedents (IF i say sit)
behaviors (AND my dog sits)
consequences (THEN he gets a treat) |
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| Relation between behavior and consequence |
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| Differences between Classical and Operant Conditioning |
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Definition
Classical - focuses on elicited behavior, reflex-like response
Operant - focuses on emitted behavior, organism generates a response under it's physical control
CC-learning occurs through CS-UCS pairing
OC-learning occurs when responses made by organism become associated with certain consequences
CC-CS occurs before CR and triggers it
OC-the reinforcer or punisher comes AFTER |
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Definition
| a signal that a particular response will now produce certain consequences |
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Definition
| a response is strengthened by the subsequent presentation of a stimulus |
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the stimulus that follows and strengthens the response
Ex: Food, drink, comforting physical contact, attention, praise, money |
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Definition
Stimuli that are naturally reinforcing because it satisfies biological needs
Ex: Food, water |
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| Secondary (Conditioned) Reinforcers |
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Acquire reinforcing properties through their association with primary reinforcers
Ex: Money |
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| response is strengthened by the subsequent removal of an aversive stimulus |
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| Aversive stimulus that is removed |
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Punishment vs Reinforcement
Positive vs Negative |
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Definition
Punishment always WEAKENS
Reinforcement always STRENGTHENS
Positive means PRESENT a stimulus
Negative means REMOVE a stimulus |
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| Aversive Punishment, Positive Punishment, Punishment by Application |
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Definition
| A response is weakened by the subsequent presentation of a stimulus |
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| Response Cost, Negative Punishment, Punishment by Removal |
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Definition
| A response is weakened by the subsequent removal of a stimulus |
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| Shaping (method of successive approximations) |
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Definition
involves reinforcing successive approximations toward a final response
[can reduce acquisition time] |
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Definition
used to develop a sequence of responses by reinforcing each response with the opportunity to perform the next response
[begins with final response and works backwards] |
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| An operant response occurs to a new antecedent stimulus that is similar to the original one |
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every response of a particular type is reinforced
Ex: Every $1.25 deposited into a soda machine results in a cool, bubbly drink |
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| Types of Partial Reinforcement |
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Definition
| ratio, interval, fixed, variable |
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Definition
Certain percentage of responses are reinforced
the more responses the more reinforcement |
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Definition
| Certain amount of time must elapse between reinforcements |
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Definition
| Reinforcement occurs after a fixed number of responses |
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Definition
| Time or required number of responses vary around an average |
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| Fixed Ratio Schedule [FR] |
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Definition
Reinforcement is given after a fixed number of responses
FR-3 means reinforcement is given every 3rd reponse |
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| Variable Ratio Schedule[VR] |
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Definition
Reinforcement is given after a variable number of responses, all centered around an average
VR-3 means reinforcement on average every 3 responses
Ex: VR for first 12 responses might be 2, 3, 6, 11... highly resistant to extinction b/c long periods of no payoff will eventually be followed by reinforcement
GAMBLING! |
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| Fixed Interval [FI] Schedule |
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Definition
First response after a fixed time interval is reinforced
FI-3 means after 3 minutes |
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| Variable Interval Schedule [VI] |
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Definition
Reinforcement is given for first response after an average time interval
VI-3 means about 3 minutes
Ex: speed traps, random drug testing, pop quiz |
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