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people derive their identity from their customs; one of the causes of revolution
Countries want out of the empires and want to be their own nation |
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| the belief that government is created by and subject to the will of its people and the people are the source of all political power |
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enlist historians and writers to write about important events, people, and stories in their nation's history
teach this history to the youth |
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| virus that affected Irish potatoes starting in 1841 causing the Irish Potato Famine |
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| During the Irish Potato Famine Protestant churches in Northern Ireland would give out soup ONLY if you converted to Protestantism |
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| the idea that industries need a lot of money to start and grow; a reason why entrepreneurs found it difficult to start businesses |
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| the idea that an industry needs a lot of workers to start the business |
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new job classification in the late 19th century; workers involved in the service sector of business such as office workers, bank tellers, railroad ticketers
must have basic math & literacy skills and usually women b/c they were cheaper to hire |
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| the time person when white collar workers began to emerge (symbol was the type writer) |
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| gave middle class women another job b/c the cost of living rose and women could no longer afford to stay home |
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| 1861 creator of the first department store; thought shopping should be an event; inventor of the price tag |
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| couldn't understand why people wanted to be in the "best" class (upper class) created the theories of conspicuous leisure and conspicuous consumption |
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| wealthy's ability to accumulate money demonstrates their natural superiority |
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the wealthy have not done work nor are planning to
Example: use of white cotton gloves |
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| the wealthy consume goods just to show how wealthy they are |
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describing the accelerated pace of life
rise of mass politics
decline of rural social order
rising population |
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how many babies born per 1000 people
falling during this time period b/c reinvention in cities and spread of birth control |
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| critics accuse women of not having children, this is messing up social stigma and is unnationalistic |
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| want the survival of the Best Class |
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fear that the nation or race is being populated by the presence of aliens, the mentally ill, and the severely disabled
popular belief among upper class |
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| favor fertility of upper class and limit fertility of lower classes |
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| wrote a book called Sexual Inversion in 1894 that proposed a new personality type called homosexual |
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| book written in 1894 by Havelock Ellis; proposed homosexuality |
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on trial in 1895 for indecency, it was scandalous b/c he had a family
this showed that sexuality had patriotic undertones and could be used as a political weapon |
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| fighting to gain the right to vote; women fought for the right to vote during this time; they were good at it b/c they were involved in charities and knew how to speak and fund raise |
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leader of a group called the Women's Social and Political Union; fought to get the right to vote through destruction of men's property
1909: blew up railroad tracks and put on hungry strikes in prison |
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| assassinated in June 1914 by a Serbian Nationalist; this caused A-H to give Serbia ultimatums which they rejected leading to WWI (A-H w/ Germany) (Serbia w/ Russia France G.B and Belgium) |
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| went to South Pole for heroic and scientific expedition; got stuck and when he returned during the middle of WWI no one cared about his expedition...showed that age of Heroism was dead |
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| post traumatic stress disorder; effected men when they came off the front and they could no longer function properly in society and couldn't get jobs |
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| the warefare used in WWI; gross --> dead soldiers, rats, and lice everywhere |
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| Serbian nationalist who assassinated Franz Ferdinand in 1914 in Sarajevo |
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1881-1894 ruled with an iron fist
got rid of reforms, instated Marshal Law against non-Russian groups, increased censorship, and used police to achieve stability |
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could not rule like Alex (too sensitive); unrest increased
Russo-Japanese War: Russia lost showing how backwards the nation was
Revolution occurred, Nick steps down |
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| Nick's love; a German princess; unpopular with the Russians b/ she was not Russian |
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the daughters of Nick and Alexandra
Olga, Tatiana, Marie, and Anastasia
At this time it was illegal for a woman to take the throne |
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| son of Nick and Alexandra; had hemophilia |
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| Alexandra thought he was sent to save her son; given unprecedented access to the royal family which screwed them over later |
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| led workers to the winter palace looking for a national constitution and recognition for unions |
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| When Father Gapon lead workers to the Winter Palace looking for a national constitution and recognition for unions the police fired upon them killing 100 |
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leader of the Imperial Duma
created agricultural reforms for peasants and instated full ownership of land |
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leader of the Provisional Government (previously the Duma)
got rid of the death penalty and censorship |
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| Russian revolutionist who believed that the government should take power in name of peasants and workers; believer in Marxism |
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making people more Russian
if people are all Russian they are less likely to rebel but this was unpopular |
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| Lenin's political party; gets the Worker's-Council (The Soviets) to join |
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Document written by Lenin that says
1. Russia should withdraw from the war
2. Soviets/Bolsheviks should seize power
3. Nationalize all private land
"Peace, Land, and Bread" |
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things are bad in July --> no food and people didnt wanna fight in WWI
Days of riots and pillaging occur while Kerensky tries to hype up the troops on the front line\shows Kerensky that the Provis. Gov't needs help |
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| Lenin's right hand man. The "plan and action" guy |
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| All Russian Congress of Soviets |
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| a gathering of the Bolsheviks in Peterograd where they devise a plan for the ship Aurora to take over the bridge to cut off the Winter Palace so they can surround it and force the Provisional Gov't to surrender |
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| Merchant ship used in Lenin's plan to get power |
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| Place where the All Russian Congress of Soviets met. |
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Provisional Government that takes control in Germany after they lose WWI in 1918
planned to write a constitution, create a republic, w/ civil rights, suffrage, and direct election, and become a welfare state
Problems: had too many coalitions, under constant threat, divided republic, and treaty of Versailles |
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Peace settlement that ended WWI
Germany had to
1. reduce army & eliminate airforce and submarine force
2. lost sections of Prussia and land in Africa
3. give coal to Belgium and France, give away ships, horses, and railway
4. pay reparations |
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The War Guilt Clause; Germany had to take full responsibility for causing the war and pay reparations to the Allies
led to severe inflation in Germany |
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leader of the Fascism movement in Italy
tries to solve the problems of inflation, strikes, lack of jobs, debt, and incapable public |
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| Mussolini's political party |
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dictatorship by a charismatic leader
antidemocratic, anti-individualist, anti-communist
attractive to vets, young men, people with land/property, and anyone who blames Parliment for problems |
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| orphaned as a child, joined WWI blamed Jews and Marxist for losing the war, becomes an informant in the army, and becomes the leader of the NAZI party |
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| National Socialist German Workers' Party (NAZI) |
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| march by the Nazi's to claim power of the local government of Munic 1923 |
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book Hitler wrote while in prison
against democratic views of the west
gov't should be dictatorship
germans are superior and destine to conquer
jews are landless parasites
"My Struggle" |
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