Term
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Definition
1 in 4 deaths is cancer related
1500+ die of cancer every day
5 year survival rate continues to improve |
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Definition
| 5% to 10% have familial component |
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Term
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Definition
76% of cancer occurs after age 55
Altered immune response with aging
Hormonal changes
Older adults less likely to do cancer screening |
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Term
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Definition
Keeps epinephrine and cortisol at high levels
Depression |
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Term
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Definition
Genotoxic foods (i.e. nitrosamines)
Promoters – high-fat, low-fiber
Saccharin, red food dyes, coffee |
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Term
| Risk Factors/occupational |
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Definition
Outdoor workers – solar radiation
Healthcare workers – ionizing radiation and carcinogenic substances
People who work in old buildings – asbestos |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Carcinogenic substances in tobacco weak – quitting can reverse risk
Second-hand smoke |
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Term
| Risk Factor/drugs & Alcohol |
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Definition
Unhealthy life style
Immunosuppressive effect |
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Term
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Definition
Thinning ozone layer – increased rate of skin cancers
Elderly have less pigment – increases risk |
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Term
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Definition
| Increase in number/density of normal cells |
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Term
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Definition
Change in normal pattern of differentiation
Cells differentiate into cell types not normally found in that location |
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Term
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Definition
Loss of DNA control
Abnormal variation in size, shape, and appearance |
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Term
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Definition
Regression of cell to immature or undifferentiated type
No DNA control
Not reversible |
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Term
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Definition
Genes that promote cell proliferation
BRCA-1 and BRCA-2 |
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Term
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Definition
Normally suppress oncogenes
Can become inactive |
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Term
| Theories of carcinogenesis |
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Definition
Damaged DNA, whether inherited or acquired, sets up the initial step for cancer to occur
Impairment of the immune system, from whatever cause, lessens its ability to destroy abnormal cells |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Cause other adverse effects
Cytotoxicity
Hormonal imbalances
Altered immunity
Chronic tissue damage
Do not cause cancer without previous cell damage |
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Term
| Known carcinogens/Viruses |
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Definition
Damage cells
Play a role in DNA mutation
Weaken immunologic defenses
Some viruses can cause malignancies
Hepatitis B – liver cancer
Papillomaviruses –laryngeal, penile, cervical cancers
Vaccines being investigated |
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Term
| Known carcinogens/Drugs and Hormones |
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Definition
Either genotoxic or promotional
Chemotherapeutic drugs
Some recreational drugs
Gonadotropic hormones (estrogen, testosterone)
Glucocorticosteroids and anabolic steroids – promoters |
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Term
| Known carcinogens/Chemical agents |
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Definition
Genotoxic and promotional
Occupational hazards
Natural substances in body (i.e bile acids from high-fat diet)
Food additives
Food contaminants |
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Term
| Known carcinogens/Physical agents |
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Definition
Radiation (solar and ionizing)
Radon |
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Term
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Definition
collection of cells, grows independently from surroundings, has no physiologic purpose
Grow at rate uncoordinated with body’s needs
Share some of parent cell’s properties but altered shape or size
No benefit to host |
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Term
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Definition
Local
Cohesive
Well-defined borders
Pushes other tissues out of the way
Slow growth
Encapsulated
Easily removed
Does not recur |
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Term
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Definition
Invasive
Noncohesive
Does not stop at tissue border
Invades and destroys surrounding tissue
Rapid growth
Metastasizes to distant sites
Not always easy to remove
Can recur |
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Term
| Malignant neoplasms vary in : |
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Definition
| differentiation from parent tissue |
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Term
| Characteristics of malignant cells |
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Definition
Loss of regulation of mitotic rate
Loss of cell specialization
Loss of contact inhibition
Progressive acquisition of the cancerous phenotype and immortality
Irreversibility
Altered cell structure: differences in cell nucleus and cytoplasm
Simplified metabolic activity
Transplantability
Ability to promote own survival |
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Term
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Definition
Ability to cause pressure atrophy
Ability to disrupt basement membrane of normal cells
Motility
Response to chemical signals from adjacent tissues |
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Term
| Tumor Metastasis/By way of: |
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Definition
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Term
| Tumor Metastasis/By way of(blood/lymph)/Three steps : |
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Definition
Intravasation
Survival in the blood
Extravasation |
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Term
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Definition
60% follow pattern of blood or lymph circulation
Some target specific organs
Metastatic cells have morphology similar to primary tumor
Do not resemble tissue in which they reside |
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Term
| Metastasis/Most common sites |
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Definition
Lymph nodes
Liver
Lung
Bones
Brain |
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Term
| tumors/effects/Disruption of function: |
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Definition
| By obstruction or pressure |
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Term
| tumors/effects/Hematologic function: |
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Definition
Leukemias
Disrupt absorption of B12
Deprives marrow of substances needed to make blood cells
Ectopic production of growth factors (erythropoeitin) |
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Term
| tumors/effects/Infection: |
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Definition
Fistula between 2 incompatible organs
Necrotic tumors
Disruption of skin
Malignancies of immune-related organs |
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Term
| tumors/effects/hemorrhage: |
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Definition
| Erosion through blood vessels |
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Term
| Anorexia-cachexia syndrome: |
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Definition
Wasted appearance
Unexplained rapid weight loss
Cancer cells divert nutrition for their own use while decreasing patient’s appetite |
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Term
| tumors/Altered glucose metabolism causing: |
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Definition
increase in serum glucose
High serum glucose causes anorexia
Tumor secretes factors that decrease appetite by changing taste and smell |
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Term
| A paraneoplastic syndrome is |
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Definition
| a disease or symptom that is the consequence of the presence of cancer in the body, but is not due to the local presence of cancer |
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Term
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Definition
Grade 1 –
Most differentiated (most like parent tissue)
Least malignant
Better prognosis
Grade 4
Least differentiated
Most aggressively malignant |
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Term
| The TNM Classification of Malignant Tumours (TNM) is: |
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Definition
a cancer staging system that describes the extent of cancer in a patient’s body.
T describes the size of the tumor and whether it has invaded nearby tissue,
N describes regional lymph nodes that are involved,
M describes distant metastasis (spread of cancer from one body part to another). |
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Term
| Cytologic examination/collected by: |
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Definition
Exfoliation from an epithelial surface
PAP smear
Bronchial washing
Aspiration of fluids from body cavities or blood
White blood cells
Pleural fluid
Cerebrospinal fluid
Needle aspiration of solid tumors
Breast
Prostate |
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Term
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Definition
Allow function as long as possible
Relieve pain
Provide comfort
Bypass obstructions
Debulking |
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Term
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Definition
Ensures histologic diagnosis and staging
Biopsy
Endoscopy
Laparoscopy
Open surgical exploration |
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Term
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Definition
Remove entire tumor, surrounding tissue and nodes
Sometimes mutilates body or creates new structures to assume lost function
Colostomy
Destruction of nerves cause loss of normal function
Prostate surgery – loss of sexual function
Removal of lymph nodes can cause lymphedema |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Chemo/Cell-kill hypothesis |
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Definition
Chemo kills a set percentage of cells each cell cycle
Each time, # of tumor cells decreases
Finally few enough that immune system can kill them off |
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Term
| Chemotherapy Classified by/Effect of agent on cell: |
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Definition
Cell-cycle specific
Cell-cycle non-specific
(both effective in rapidly dividing cells) |
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Term
| Chemotherapy Classified by/Pharmacologic properties: |
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Definition
Alkylating agents
Antimetabolites
Antitumor antibodies
Mitotic inhibitors
Hormones
Hormone antagonists
Miscellaneous agents |
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Term
| Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is |
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Definition
| a treatment that uses a drug, called a photosensitizer or photosensitizing agent, and a particular type of light. When photosensitizers are exposed to a specific wavelength of light, they produce a form of oxygen that kills nearby cells |
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