Destroys tissue

Pain and/or inflammation

Predisposes to infection

Paraneoplastic Syndromes

Systemic symptoms not directly related to a cancer.

• Hypoglycemia
• Hypercalcemia
• DIC
• Anemia
• Hyperproteinuria
• Fever.

-oma: Benign, if benign form exists.

-sarcoma: Malignancy

Adreno- : tumor of the glandular epithelial tissue

Carcinoma: Tumor of the epithilial tisuues

Sarcoma: Tumor of the connective tissue

Unchecked growth, but does not invade surrounding tissue.

May impair nerve function by their presences.

Uncontroled growth.

Invades and destroys surrounding tissue

Metastasizes.

Benign or malignant

Where it has spread

Aggressive

Grading is done by histology.

Low Grade: Well defined tissue structure, slow growth, minimal invasion

High Grade: Undifferentiated tissue structure, reabid cell growth, aggresive invation of surrounding tissue.

TNM

T: Features of tumor at primary site.

N: Regional lymph node involvement

M: Metastasis

Numbers after letters, defined involvement.

T₃N₁M₁₂

Abnormal Swelling

Sores that don't heal

Weight lose

Loss of Appetite

Bleeding fo openings

Offensive Odor

Persistent Lameness

Exercise intolerance

Dysuria, dyspnea, dyschezia

1. Owner's perception of the problem
2. Observed clinical signs
3. Duration of clinical signs
4. Treatments given
5. Responses to treatments
6. Concurrent/past medical problems
7. Routine health maintenance
1. vaccines, pest control. diet

Physical

Signalment

Cardiovascular, Renal, Hepatic

Palpation

Baseline Chemistry

Fine needle aspiration

Bone marrow aspiration

Needle Bore: like fine needle aspiration

Incisional: Removal of part of the tumor and margin

Excisional: Complete removal of the tumor and margin

Surgical resection of malignant tumor

Cryosurgery

Curative: Complete and permanent removal of tumor.

Palliative: Short-term improved quality of care.

May long and extensive.

Delivers anti-cancer drugs to entire body.

Appropriate for systemic neoplastic disease.

Single treatment for cancer (i.e. lymphoma)

After surgical treatment of malignant tumor

Radiation sensitizers

Tumors that can be be removed surgically.

Can be cytotoxic to cells.

Clinical side effects:

1. V/D
2. hair loss
3. bone marrow suppression

Two or more drugs may be used for maximum effectiveness

Dosage based on body surface area for dogs and body weight for cats

Bone marrow suppression monitored by neutrophil count.

Teratogens

Cause birth defects in fetuses

Mutagens

Cause injury to chromosomes

Carcinogens

Causes DNA damage leading to secondary cancers