Term
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Definition
| BH3-only mimetic drugs; binds Bcl-2 |
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Term
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Definition
| EGFR; mutations are found in lung carcinomas; crizotinib inhibits ALK-activation of K-Ras |
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Definition
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Definition
| HbA2; seen in thalassemias |
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Definition
| cell marker; used for screening for liver cancer |
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Definition
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Definition
| expressed only on new vessels of tumors; ligand for RGD |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Wnt --| APC --| beta-catenin -> c-MYC -> proliferation; APC degrades beta-catenin
APC mutation is the first mutation in colon carcinoma
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Term
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Definition
| activates p53; activated by DNA breaks |
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Definition
| activates p53; activated by UV damage |
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Term
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Definition
| bevacizumab; inhibits VEGF |
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Term
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Definition
| pro-apoptotic; forms pores in outer mitochondria membrane, allowing cytC to leak out and activate Apaf-1; BH3-only -| Bcl-2wx -| Bax/Bak -> Apaf-1 -> caspase -> apoptosis |
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Term
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Definition
| anti-apoptotic; BH3-only -| Bcl-2wx -| Bax/Bak -> Apaf-1 -> caspase -> apoptosis |
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Term
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Definition
anti-apoptotic;
BH3-only -| Bcl-2wx -| Bax/Bak -> Apaf-1 -> caspase -> apoptosis |
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Term
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Definition
| anti-apoptotic; BH3-only -| Bcl-2wx -| Bax/Bak -> Apaf-1 -> caspase -> apoptosis |
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Term
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Definition
| Wnt --| APC --| beta-catenin -> c-MYC -> proliferation; beta-catenin is degraded by APC except in presence of Wnt; beta-catenin translocates to the nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| Noxa, Puma, Bim, Bid; pro-apoptotic; BH3-only -| Bcl-2wx -| Bax/Bak -> Apaf-1 -> caspase -> apoptosis |
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Term
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Definition
| repairs dsDNA breaks; mutations increase risk for many cancers, especially breast cancer |
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Term
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Definition
| cell marker; used for screening for ovarian cancer |
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Definition
| used for screening for colon and pancreatic cancer |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| cell membrane protein on endothelial cells and RBCs; mediates adhesion; upregulation as in sickle cell diseases causes sludging |
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Term
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Definition
| marker for CSCs; binds to endothelial cells and allows for tumor cell extravasation |
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Term
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Definition
| phosphorylates Rb; activated by cyclins, miRNAs especially miR-34 |
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Term
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Definition
| carcinoembryogenic antigen; used for screening for stomach, pancreas, and colon cancer |
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Term
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Definition
| activates p53; activated by DNA breaks |
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Term
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Definition
| EGFR; encodes a non-receptor Tyr kinase; mutations are found in GI carcinomas; responds to imatinib |
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Term
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Definition
| ligand for CXCR4; high CXCL12 expression level indicates more probably site for metastasis |
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Term
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Definition
| ligand is CXCL12; impt for tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis of breast carcinomas |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| reduced expression of DCC in colon carcinomas allows tumor invasion |
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Term
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Definition
| cell membrane protein on RBCs; entry receptor for malaria P. knowlesi and P. vivax; lack of Duffy --> more serious sickle cell disease; transfusion can put in Duffy antigen |
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Term
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Definition
| reduced expression of E-cadherin allows tumor invasion; E-cadheirn negative is required to dx LCIS or lobular invasive carcinoma |
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Term
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Definition
| transcription factor; inhibited by hypophosphorylated Rb; released from hyperphosphorylated Rb; pushes cell into S phase |
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Term
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Definition
| HPV early protein; inhibits p53 |
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Term
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Definition
| HPV early protein; inhibits p53 and Rb |
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Term
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Definition
| mutations are found in non small cell lung cancers; inhibited by cetuximab extracellularly; inhibited by erlotinib/gefitinib intracellularly |
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Term
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Definition
| activates MMPs; allows tumor invasion |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| her2 NST ductal invasive carcinoma |
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Term
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Definition
| basal NST ductal invasive carcinoma |
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Term
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Definition
| estrogen receptor in breast tissue; tamoxifen is ER-alpha antagonist |
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Term
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Definition
| estrogen receptor in uterus and bone; tamoxifen acts on ER-beta, increasing risk of endometrial cancer but protecting against osteoporosis |
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Term
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Definition
| luminal A NST ductal invasive carcinoma |
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Term
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Definition
| luminal B NST ductal invasive carcinoma |
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Term
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Definition
| mutations are found in non small cell lung cancers; inhibited intracellularly by erlotinib/gefitinib |
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Term
function of RhoC?
function of Fascin? |
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Definition
RhoC: organizes actin into focal adhesions
Fascin: cross-links actin at invasion front |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| induces DNA repair; activated by p53 |
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Term
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Definition
| Hh --| Ptch --| Smo --> Gli --> proliferation |
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Term
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Definition
| EGFR; mutations are found in 30% of breast cancers; inhibited by trastuzumab |
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Term
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Definition
| Hh --| Ptch --| Smo --> Gli --> proliferation; sustains desmoplasia in pancreatic carcinomas |
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Term
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Definition
| cytoplasmic protein that is constantly being degraded by VHLP; it accumulates in hypoxic conditions when VHLP cannot bind to HIF-alpha bc HIF-alpha's Proline residues are not hydroxylated |
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Term
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Definition
| nuclear protein that is constitutively produced; it heterodimerizes with HIF-alpha in hypoxic conditions, and the complex binds to HxRE to turn on transcription of EPO, transferrin, VEGF, glucose transporters, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| binds to RAGE on tumor cells and neurons; promotes carcinoma invasion and neuronal outgrowth; released by damaged cancer cells, activates DCs |
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Term
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Definition
| repairs DNA mismatches; mutation causes HNPCC |
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Term
| HNPCC; what mutation causes this? |
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Definition
| hereditary non-polyposis colon carcinoma; caused by mutations in hMSH and hMLH, defects in mismatch DNA repair |
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Term
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Definition
| Twist -> miR-10b --| HOXD10 --| RhoC -> motility |
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Term
| IFN-alpha and IFN-beta [inhibit/activate] angiogenesis |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| increased expression of integrins allows tumor to bind to ECM |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase cause HIF-1 stabilization, increased VEGF, and preference of cancer cell for glycolysis |
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Term
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Definition
| de-phosphorylates (inactivates) Jak2; mutation in JH2 causes polycythemia vera = constitutively active JH2 and high levels of erythropoiesis |
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Term
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Definition
| marker for proliferating cells |
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Term
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Definition
| increased expression of laminin allows tumor to bind to basement membrane and invade |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| crosslinks ECM to allow for better integrin binding and tumor invasion |
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Term
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Definition
| tumor specific antigen; elicits immune response by CTLs |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibits p53; p53 induces MDM2, p15 inhibits MDM2 |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Twist -> miR-10b --| HOXD10 --| RhoC -> motility |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibits proliferation via Drosha complex |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibits CDK4/6, cyclin E2; activated by p53 |
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Term
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Definition
| matrix metalloproteases; produced by fibroblasts, macrophages, and stroma; activated by other MMPs, plasmin, and EMMPRIN |
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Term
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Definition
transcription factor; activates genes for proliferation, adhesion; found in Burkitt's, breast, lung, colon; Wnt --| APC --| beta-catenin -> c-MYC -> proliferation; found on chromosone 8
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Term
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Definition
| nucleotide excision repair; mutations cause xeroderma pigmentosum |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
pro-apototic
activated by p53; part of BH3-only family |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibits MDM2; used for sarcomas |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| TGF-beta -> SMAD -> p15, p21 -| CDK |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| inhibits CDKs, arrests cells in G1; promotes senescence; activated by p53; TGF-beta -> SMAD -> p15, p21 -| CDK |
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Term
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Definition
| tumor suppressor gene; when activated by stress; p53 halts cell cycle, induces apoptosis, and activate DNA repair mechanisms; p53 mutation causes Li-Fraumeni syndrome |
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Term
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Definition
| repairs ssDNA breaks; PARP inhibitors are used to treat BRCA1/2+ cancers bc of the tumors susceptibility to genomic instability |
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Term
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Definition
| Ras -> PI3K -> AKT -> proliferation |
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Term
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Definition
| PkRBCs are constantly cleared in functional spleens; elevated in sickle cell patients |
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Term
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Definition
| produced by tumor cell; activated to plasmin; plasmin activates MMPs; tPA is used in clinic to tx stroke, works only on already-formed clots |
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Term
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Definition
| restores DNA binding ability of mutated p53 |
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Term
| prostatic acid phosphatase |
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Definition
| used for screening for prostate cancer; Provenge is DC's that have been activated against prostatic acid phosphatase and re-transfused into pt |
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Term
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Definition
| DC's that have been activated against prostatic acid phosphatase, expanded ex vivo, and re-transfused into pt |
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Term
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Definition
| prostate specific antigen |
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Term
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Definition
| Hh --| Ptch --| Smo --> Gli --> proliferation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Ras -> Raf -> MEK -> ERK -> proliferation |
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Term
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Definition
| expressed on neurons and tumor cells; binds to HMGB1; promotes outgrowth of neuron and invasion of carcinoma cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Ras -> RalGDS -> TBK1 -> NFkB -> proliferation |
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Term
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Definition
| cytoplasmic protein that is active when bound by GTP; activates PI3K, Raf, and RalGDS pathways; inactivated by NF-1 |
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Term
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Definition
| hypophosphorylated-Rb binds and inhibits E2F; hyperphosphorylated-Rb releases E2F; encoded by chromosome 13 |
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Term
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Definition
| mutation causes multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) |
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Term
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Definition
| ligand is alphaV integrin; drugs conjugated to RGD home to new tumor vessels |
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Term
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Definition
GTPase; organizes actin into local adhesion foci; allows tumor invasion;
Twist -> miR-10b --| HOXD10 --| RhoC -> motility |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| TGF-beta -> SMAD -> p15, p21 -| CDK; loss of SMAD causes late colon adenoma |
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Term
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Definition
| Hh --| Ptch --| Smo --> Gli --> proliferation |
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Term
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Definition
| viral oncogene found in RSV and is left behind in human genomes |
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Term
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Definition
| polycomb gene expressed in embryonic stem cells and some tumor cells; inhibits differentiation |
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Term
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Definition
inhibits epithelial growth; reduced TGF-beta allows for tumor growth, invasion; tumor cells may secrete TGF-beta to inhibit immune response
TGF-beta -> SMAD -> p15, p21 -| CDKs |
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Term
| what cells produce transferrin? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition, reduces expression of epithelial markers, increases expression of mesodermal markers; expressed by embryogenic cells and breast carcinoma cells
Twist -> miR-10b --| HOXD10 --| RhoC -> motility |
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Term
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Definition
| promotes angiogenesis; produced by osteoclasts and multiple myeloma tumor cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Wnt --| APC --| beta-catenin -> c-MYC -> proliferation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| colon adenocarcinoma progression |
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Definition
| APC mutation -> SMAD mutation -> loss of p53 |
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Term
| what cancers metastasize to the brain? |
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Definition
| lung, breast, melanoma, renal |
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Term
| what cancers metastasize to the brain? |
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Definition
| lung, breast, melanoma, renal |
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Term
| what cancers metastasize to the liver? |
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Definition
| breast lung, stomach, pancreas, colon |
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Term
| metastasis is followed by what 4 techniques? |
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Definition
| MRI, CT, F*-glucoseuptake, and Tc*-pyrrophosphate uptake (Braverman) |
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Term
| HbKC individuals require less EPO because ___ |
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Definition
| their hemogloblin has reduced affinity for O2 |
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Term
| acidosis [activates/inhibits] DPG synthesis |
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Definition
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