Term
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Definition
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Term
| what are the 3 functions of posture |
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Definition
| maintain a stable base, react to changes, anticipatory control |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which the CNS, the sensory system, and the musculoskeletal system work together to maintain the relationship between COM and BOS |
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Term
| what are the 4 types of postural control |
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Definition
| static, reactive, anticipatory, adaptive |
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Term
| what is static postural control |
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Definition
| maintaining the COM in the BOS |
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Term
| what is reactive postural control |
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Definition
| responds to unexpected movement of the COM |
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Term
| what is anticipatory postural control |
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Definition
| made before movement occurs, feedforward |
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Term
| what is adaptive motor control |
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Definition
| modifying motor responses based on change in task or environment |
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Term
| what types of postural control are righting and equilibrium responses |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| imperceptible back and forth motion that assists the body in staying upright |
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Term
| at what age does postural sway begin to decline |
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Definition
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Term
| what is postural sway like in an 80 yo |
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Definition
| similar to that of an 8 year old |
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Term
| why is there more postural sway in women of all ages than men of the same age |
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Definition
| less muscle mass, allows for more back and forth motion |
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Term
| is medial lateral sway with eyes closed a good predictor of falls in older adults? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the complex process that involves synthesis of incoming sensory information, awareness of the position of the body in space, and awareness of the surrounding environment? |
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Definition
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Term
| what does balance depend on |
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Definition
| vision, vestibular, proprioception, muscle strength, and reaction abilities |
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Term
| why does balance decrease with age |
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Definition
| because vision, vestibular system, proprioception, muscle strength, and reaction abilities decrease with age |
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Term
| what are the 4 reasons why the ability to maintain an erect posture decreases with advanced age |
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Definition
| secondary spinal curves change, discs lose water, decreased muscle strength, loss of hip/knee/ankle mobility |
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Term
| what secondary spinal curves change with age that reduce ability to maintain erect posture |
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Definition
| cervical curve flattens, thoracic curve becomes more kyphotic, lumbar curve flattens (reduced lordosis) |
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Term
| why is loss of discal water a reason why it is more difficult to maintain erect posture in older adults |
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Definition
| when discs lose water, they become less extensible, causing a loss of spinal flexibility |
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Term
| why does lossof muscle strength contribute to loss of ability to maintainerect posture in older age |
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Definition
| harder to maintain postural alignment |
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Term
| what is the effect of postural changes in older adulthood |
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Definition
| postural changes shift the COM forward, creating instability during standing and walking |
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Term
| what are the 3 postural response strategies |
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Definition
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Term
| how do older adults' postural response strategies compare to postural response strategies in younger adults |
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Definition
| older adults have similar responses but efficiency of activating the system may decline |
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Term
| what is the problem with anticipatory postural responses in older adults |
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Definition
| older adults are smaller at making postural adjustments, AND their anticipatory postural adjustment may even cause them to lose their balance. Older adults often take a lateral step to increase their base of support, but they then have trouble controlling their lateral weight shifts because of weak glutes |
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Term
| what is the overall effect of postural response changes in older adults |
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Definition
| leads to less organized motor patterns that further destabilize motor coordination: older adults step more frequently, step in lower perturbation magnitudes, and take multiple steps in response to perturbation. |
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Term
| what does lateral step-taking as a postural response indicate |
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Definition
| difficulty controlling COM velocity and regaining stable stance - predictive of falls |
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Term
| what visual changes occur with age that might impact balance/posture/gait/movement? |
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Definition
| decreased contrast sensitivity intensified by cataracts or macular degeneration |
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Term
| what vestibular changes occur with age that might impact balance/posture/gait/movement? |
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Definition
| loss of hair cells decreases ability to detect changes in position; reduction in vestibular nerve fibers |
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Term
| what somatosensory changes occur with age that might impact balance/posture/gait/movement? |
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Definition
| decreased vibrational sense in lower extremities |
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Term
| what are some effects of sensory changes in older adults |
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Definition
| inaccurate visual information regarding environment; positional vertigo; decreased proprioception; decreased awareness of postural sway |
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Term
| list reasons for balance decline in older adults |
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Definition
| decreased proprioception because of decreased number of cells in cerebellum and brainstem; decreased flexibility; decreased muscle strength; vestibular impairments affecting postural awareness and head stabilization; changes in sensorimotor input and integration; visual changes |
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Term
| what external factors affect balance in older adults |
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Definition
| medications, pathologies, inactivity |
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Term
| what is the negative cycle of inactivity for falls |
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Definition
| increased falls - decreased confidence and willingness to be active - decreased fitness level |
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Term
| list contributors to falls |
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Definition
| balance problems, reduced flexibility, disease, dizziness, fainting, fatigue, reduced joint mobility, declining strength and endurance, increased reaction time, visual impairments |
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Term
| list situational contributors to falls |
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Definition
| alcohol use, improper clothing, darkness, obstacles in path, irregular surface, slippery surfaces, medications, rushing |
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Term
| what are some ways to combat falls |
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Definition
| discuss medications with MD to be sure that side effects and/or interactions are not causing balance problems; regular exercise to maintain strength and balance; add a device |
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Term
| what types of exercises should be used for fall prevention |
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Definition
| balance exercises, muscle strengthening exercises, exercises to decrease reaction time, and exercises to improve muscle function |
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Term
| why do walking speed and stride characteristics change in older adulthood |
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Definition
| decreased ability/willingness to use energy; decreased muscle strength; decreased balance; decreased ability to adapt to changing conditions while walking |
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Term
| what changes in walking occur in older adults |
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Definition
| decreased velocity; reduced power at push off; increase in double support stance phase; decrease in step length; increase in step width; flat foot at initial contact; increased toe-out; less pelvic rotation |
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Term
| why do older adults have flat foot at initial contact in walking |
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Definition
| to increase amount of body in contact with the ground |
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Term
| what kinds of strategies do older adults use when trying to cross obstacles |
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Definition
| walk slower, take smaller steps, place lead landing foot closer to the obstacle upon stepping over it => these strategies increase likelihood in making contact with the obstacle |
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Term
| what are characteristics seen in older adults when stepping up |
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Definition
| longer period of double limb support before stepping up; increased trunk flexion and forward lean; increased hip flexion; increased plantar flexion |
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Term
| does running speed or endurance decrease more slowly with age |
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Definition
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Term
| what is decline in motor performance related to |
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Definition
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Term
| does swimming or running decline more rapidly in older adults |
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Definition
| running declines more rapidly |
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Term
| do women or men decline more rapidly in motor activities |
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Definition
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Term
| what types fo movements decline faster |
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Definition
| movements requiring greater energy expenditure |
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of time it takes to respond to an unexpected stimulus |
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Term
| what increases reaction time |
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Definition
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Term
| what decreases reaction time |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the speed/accuracty tradeoff of reaction time |
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Definition
| older adults are more willing to sacrifice speed of movement in order to be more accurate |
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Term
| how can movement decline be delayed, postponed, and possibly prevented in aging adults |
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Definition
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Term
| how much aerobic exercise should older adults get each week |
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Definition
| 30 min, 5 days/week, moderate-intense |
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Term
| how much strengthening exercises should older adults do each week |
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Definition
| 10 resistance at least 2 days/week. 10-15 reps at moderate-high intensity |
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Term
| how much flexibililty exercise should older adults get each week |
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Definition
| minimum of 10 minutes 2 days/week |
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Term
| what are benefits of staying active |
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Definition
| decreased reaction time, increased bloodflow to brain, enhanced neural connections with muscle, increased coordination, increased bone density, increased flexibility, increased muscle strength |
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Term
| tips for teaching motor skills to older adults |
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Definition
| motivate; give simple/concise/clear instructions; make eye contact/be loud/address client by name; create caring environment where your client feels comfortable and safe - stay close to your client; explain importance of learning the skill you are teaching; help client know where to focus his/her attention |
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Term
| how to foster motor learning for older adults |
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Definition
| develop the needed sensory and motor set; prepare with anticipatory strategies; practice skill in the actual sequence in which it will happen |
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Term
| how to prepare with anticipatory strategies |
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Definition
| know in advance the demands of the upcoming task; be able to predict what movements will be required |
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Term
| name 2 standardized assessment tools that test sensory reception and organization as a component of postural control |
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Definition
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Term
| how can you test the musculoskeletal system as a component of postural control |
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Definition
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Term
| what 4 systems are required for postural control |
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Definition
| vestibular, sensory, musculoskeletal, visual |
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Term
| what does the SOT (sensory organization test) do |
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Definition
| helps us isolate where the balance deficiency is |
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Term
| what is the foam and dome test |
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Definition
| clinical test of sensory integration on balance |
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Term
| what is a test of postural control in quiet standing |
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Definition
| postural sway test, Romberg test |
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Term
| what is a test of reactive postural control |
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Definition
| nudge and pull test: righting and equilibrium reactions |
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Term
| what is a test of anticipatory postural control |
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Definition
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Term
| what are some functional scales of balance |
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Definition
| Berg, Tinetti, 4 square step test, walking velocity (self-selected and fast), dynamic gait index, functional gait assessment, activity specific balance confidence scale, modified falls efficacy scale, physical performance test, timed up and go, observation of functional movement transitiosn |
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Term
| what does the tinetti balance and gait scale do |
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Definition
| evaluates position changes and gait maneuvers used during normal daily activities |
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Term
| what is the distance used in the walking velocity test |
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Definition
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Term
| what PPT score indicates needs assistance in community |
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Definition
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