-Accumulation of silicate clays(illuviated or formed in place)

-Reddish, waxy, translocated(proof of illuvation)

-Not completely 1:1 clays

-Forms waxy clay coats.

-2:1 clay rich

-lots of sodium; natrium is latin for sodium.

-Arid/Semi arid areas.

Columnar Structure

-Clay rich; All 1:1 Clays(Kalonite)"K-Horizon"

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-Illuvial Horizon: Accumulation of colloidal organic matter & ALUMINUM OXIDE!

-Where: Found in Highly leached forest soils of cool humid climates.

Illuvial Horizon: Accumulation of organic matter

-Dark color

Low BASE SATURATION

-Where: Cool moist soils of high plateaus & Mtns in TROPICS.

Old, thick soil.

-Extremely weathered only iron & aluminum oxides left behind.

-Gibbsite/Goethite dominated.

Special horizon between A & B.

(Adnormal LIGHT color A horizon)

-Light color because clay & iron oxides have been removed.

-Texture defined by leftover sand/silt particles.

What are the 3 salt rich horizons?

Calcic, gypsic, salic

-evaporaion of water(deserts), accumulates in B horizon, no rain to wash it(eluviate) down.

-Most common

-CALCIUM CARBONATE

-Color:White

-Acid poured on it makes bubbles.

-Calcium Sulfate

-Heavy source of sulfate required nearby

-Salt(Sodium Chloride)

-Found in arid regions.

Aquic-Fully underwater, no oxygen(Tidal Marshes)

"Ud"ic- Not dry more than 90 days/yr, humid climate(heavy rainfall)

Ustic- In between Arid/Udic, suitable for plant growth, 3 months or more of rainfall, dry summer.

Aridic- Dry, desert, hot, 50% or more of yr.

Xeric- Mediterranean climate, moist cool winter, warm dry summer

NEW, little development(USUALLY OCHRIC EPIDON)

-Rich Organic Matter, FERTILE(Forest vegatation)

-CLAY accumulation-Moderately leached(Whitish A horizon)

-HIGH SATURATION

-Think Andes Mtns(Volcanic)

-Melanic Epipedon

-Arid/Dry regions

-Salt-rich subsurface horizons

-Some clay-rich

-Suborders: calcids(calcium), gypsic, salic

-Frozen, permafrost, frost churning.

-Suborders include: histels, orthels(no specific feature), Turbels(cryoturbation- churns soil)

-Histology: Study of tissues

-ORGANIC RICH!

-Marshes, bogs or used to be

-Lots of PEAT, 0 horizon accounts for over 1/2 of soil.

Suborders: Fibrist:plant fibers, Folist:leaves, Hemist:fibers partly decomposed, saprist:not recognizable.

-Subsurface horizon w/ loamy very fine sand or smaller

-some weatherable minerals

-CHARACTERIZED by alteration or removal of mineral material.

-not enough illuviation to be argillic or spodic. Weakly developed, few characteristics.

-Young, new soil but not as new as entisols.

-Very little illuviation

-Too weak to classify in another order.

-Ochric horizon/umbric epipedon

Dark, soft, high base saturation

-Grassland soil, fertile from roots.

Warm/wet(tropical climates)

-Very old, weathered.

-HIGHLY WEATHERED/LEACHED

-LOTS of 1:1 Clays(Red clay soil), Kandic horizon

-Low Base Saturation

-Bad soil for agriculture

-LOTS of Shrink/Swelling: Churns soils.

-2:1 Clays

-LOTS of cracks

-Aluminum hydroxide; Al(OH)+3

-0:1 Clay, what all minerals eventually weather down to, aluminum all that remains.

-ACCUMULATES IN B ZONE.

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-Both clays are silica/aluminum bonds

 -1:1 clays have stronger(Hydrogen) bond(i.e. Kaolinite), no shrink/swelling, MADE CLEAN(no charge)

-2:1 clays use van der waals forces(electrostatic charge between chains w/ lots of surface area for contact.)

-Occurs during C. weathering.

-If clay is negatively charged then it attracts positive(cations

-Ex. of 4 balls squeezed togeter w/ space in middle. Small balls= small space, vise versa.

-Space= Tetrahedral/octohedral site(will have larger site)

-More Oxygen = larger size in middle(octo bigger than tetra)

-More Subsitutions = more negative, can't go positive

-Si, Al, Mg, Fe

Primary source of positive & negative changes in clay.

-I.e. Mg+2 can replace Al+3(similar size) = -1 Net Charge

***2:1 Clays use Isomorphic subsitution, 1:1 Clays have almost no charge.

-Group of 2:1 expanding clays

-SHRINK/SWELLS ALOT

-This is due to the bond, Van der waals force, being so weak that water gets inbetween and expands.

-Different bonds= different shrink/swells

-Different analogies for oreo cream bond: Ex. Montmorilinite(Mayo)= Water Polarity

-Not a smectite(Has strong bonds)= Illinite IS A MICA(Peanuts make me ill)=Potassium or Vermiculture(Worm Magazine)= Magnesium

-Shows stability of minerals through melting; More complex mineral = higher melting pt.

-In order of least to most complex:-Olivine -> Pyroxene -> Amphibole -> Biotite(mica) -> Quartz

-Shows that minerals like stability @ different temperatures.

-Ex. Olivine stable hot/not cold(unstable= try to change in Chem reaction w/ water)

-Discontinuous: Mafic-Low SiO4(Silicate tetrahedrals)

-Continuous: Feldspar-High SiO4

-Physical likes cold/dry, Chemical likes warm/wet

-Physical caused by physical interactions, chemical through chemical reactions on surface.

-Physical weathering opens up new surface area for chemical weathering; Chemical allows rocks to break by weakening bonds.

-Used to predict effect of change in conditions on chemical equilibrium

-A always wants to equal B (A->B)

-Any change in status quo prompts an opposing reaction in responding system.

-If a change is imposed on a system at equilibrium, the position of the equilibrium will shift in a direction that tends to reduce the effect of that change.

-Means "Claw", forms protective lobster claw around metals. Cationic micronuitrients reacting w/ certain organic molecules(humic acid) to form chelates.

-Increases availability of metallic nuitrients/Protects from leaching.

-Forms protective ring, still accessible by plants.

-Protects IRON