Term
| Incision location for a cat spay? Dog spay? |
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Definition
Cat: midway between umbilicus and pubis (more caudal)
Dog: 1/4 - 1/3 down from umbilicus (closer to umbilicus) |
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Term
| Another term for laparotomy? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| making an incision into the abdomen |
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Term
| Types of incisions from spay packet: |
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Definition
-ventral midline
-paramedian
-flank
-paracostal |
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Term
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Definition
| "white line;" fibrous tissue separating the abd. muscles, located below skin and SQ tissue in the muscle layer |
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Term
| Why is it ideal to make a Sx incision on the linea alba? |
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Definition
| no blood vessels or nerves |
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Term
| Describe what happens in a spay Sx after the incision is made. |
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Definition
-locate uterus, may use spay hook
-pull out one uterine horn and ovary at a time
-tear suspensory and broad ligaments
-double ligate vessels
-cut distal to ligatures, place vessels back in abd. after watching for hemorrhage
-repeat for other uterine horn
-ligate cervix
-Sx site closed in layers |
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Term
| What is the most painful part of a spay? |
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Definition
| plucking the suspensory ligament |
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Term
| Why is a spay possibly the most dangerous Sx a GP vet does? |
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Definition
| ligation, vessels go straight to aorta |
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Term
| What does the vet do with the uterine and ovarian vessels? |
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Definition
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Term
| What layers of tissue are sutured after a spay? |
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Definition
Dogs: body wall, SQ, skin
Cats: body wall, skin (fatties: a few SQ)
*can do subcuticular instead of skin |
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Term
| What is the three clamp technique? |
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Definition
-for spay
-2 clamps for vessels
-1 clamp on uterine side of ovary |
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Term
| Ideally, when to spay a dog? |
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Definition
before first heat <6 mo (older for large/giant breeds)
-breast tumor chance <1% |
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Term
| Chances of a dog getting breast tumors relative to time of spay / not spayed at all: |
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Definition
<6mo <1%
after 3rd heat >25%
not spayed 66% (2/3) |
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Term
| Recommended time to breed a dog? |
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Definition
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Term
| How to treat feline breast tumors? |
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Definition
| spay, because they are estrogen-dependent |
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Term
| How to treat canine breast tumors? |
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Definition
| not estrogen-dependent, so may not need to spay; remove tumors |
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Term
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Definition
-reduce chance of breast tumors
-no unwanted litters
-prevents ovarian cysts/tumors
-prevents estrus (spotting, roaming males, behavior)
-decrease STD
-increase life expectancy
-prevents pseudocyesis
-prevents pyometra |
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Term
| How does a cat in estrus act? |
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Definition
| -crying -tail end up -escaping |
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Term
| Technical term for false pregnancy? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| transmissible veneral tumor, basically genital warts (looks like baboon ass to me) |
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Term
| What are some sexually transmitted diseases? |
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Definition
TVT
Brucellosis (Brucella canis = zoonotic) |
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Term
| What does brucellosis cause? |
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Definition
| sublumbar lymph node swellings, spondylosis, lowered fertility |
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Term
| Hx of a pyometra patient? |
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Definition
-in heat 6wks ago
-enlarged abdomen, looks preggo
-PU/PD
-spotting or drainage, looks like in heat again
-less common in cats than dogs |
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Term
| Define open vs closed pyo: |
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Definition
open: cervix open and allows drainage of purulent material
closed: cervix closed and prevents drainage of purulent material; uterus grows larger and will rupture if not Sx removed |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Describe Sx removal of pyometra: |
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Definition
-riskier than routine spay
-post-op recovery is longer
-post-op endotoxic or hypovolemic shock
-peritonitis risk
-the only sure cure! |
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Term
| Describe non-Sx Tx of pyometra: |
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Definition
-Abx (can't penetrate uterus though)
-oxytocin injections (if open)
-successful recovery limited
-used to save uterus for breeding
-other hormone shots (prostaglandins) |
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Term
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Definition
-weight gain??
-cost
-it's a Sx
-reduced vulva size (recessed vulva = urine scald)
-occasional urinary incontinence
-spayed in heat = poss. continued heat signs or false pregnancy |
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Term
| How to treat female incontinence related to spay? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-breeding is good $$
-letting them have a litter calms them down
-children should see birth |
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Term
| Anesthetic for C-section? |
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Definition
-can enter fetus, so avoid barbiturates
-Propofol + Iso or Sevo (metab. quickly) |
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Term
| Why would a C-section be performed? |
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Definition
-non-productive delivery (dystocia)
-not expected to vaginally deliver (eg English Bull Dogs, mini or brachy breeds) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-actively straining unproductively for 30 min
-resting w/o straining for over 4 hrs between deliveries
-intermittent weak contractions for >2 hrs
-maternal or fetal stress, illness or obvious difficulty delivering fetus (stuck halfway)
-bloody, malodorous vulvar discharge |
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Term
| A bloody, malodorous vulvar discharge may indicate... |
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Definition
| mummified fetus, infection |
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Term
| Questions to ask breeders when they call during birth: |
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Definition
-first litter? or problems with previous?
-how long has last mated? due when?
-showing signs of stage I?
-see amnion or fetus at vulva? when?
-any straining? how long? any neonates? how long between neonates?
-condition of neonates?
-all placentas accounted for?
-vaginal discharge? color/consistency? |
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Term
| Eating placenta can cause... |
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Definition
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Term
| How to perform C-section: |
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Definition
| -midline incision, 1 horn at a time |
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Term
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Definition
-rub baby til it whimpers
-cut cord 1 - 1.5" from body, tie with catgut or floss
-suck out snot with bulb syringe
-swing or not? |
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Term
| Do you give pain meds to mom after C-section? |
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Definition
| not necessarily; will show up in milk, and also mom already has a harder time bonding with babies after C-section compared to vaginal birth |
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Term
| When to examine neonates? |
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Definition
| 3 days - check for deformities, growth, cord drying out; can dock tail / remove dewclaws |
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Term
| What to check in mom after a C-section? |
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Definition
-incision
-is she producing milk? mastitis?
-discharge? |
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Term
| A wet umbilical cord after 3 days may indicate... |
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Definition
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Term
| Deformities to check for in a neonate at 3d exam? |
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Definition
-cleft palate
-atresia ani
-open fontanelle
-patent urachus |
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Term
| Open fontanelle could indicate... |
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Definition
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Term
| What is galactostasis? How to treat? |
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Definition
-milk build-up in the glands
-can occur in false pregnancy
-Tx: cold compresses, anti-inflamm, DO NOT milk!!! |
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Term
| What is metritis? How to treat? |
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Definition
-uterine lining inflammation
-retained placenta often the cause
-foul, reddish vulvar discharge
-spay bc it's a pyo waiting to happen |
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Term
| How will the teats feel if an animal has mastitis? What about galactostasis? |
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Definition
M: hard, hot, red, maybe with thick yellow discharge
G: full, but not hot or inflamed |
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Term
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Definition
-mastitis
-galactostasis
-metritis
-eclampsia |
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Term
| When would eclampsia occur? |
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Definition
| -2 to 3 weeks after birth |
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Term
| How does eclampsia present? |
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Definition
-2-3 weeks post-partum
-mom is first rigid, goose-stepping
-then flaccid, lethargic
-seizuring, death |
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Term
| Give all the terms for spay: |
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Definition
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Term
| Give all the terms for castration: |
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Definition
| -neuter -orchiectomy -alter -fix -sterilize |
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Term
| When to perform a castration? |
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Definition
| <6mo, or around puberty (giant breeds later) |
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Term
| What is the inguinal canal? |
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Definition
| the area where the descending testicle leaves the abdomen and reaches the scrotum |
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Term
| What retained testicles like? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
monorchid: 1 retained testicle
cryptorchid: 1 or 2 retained testicles |
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Term
| Retained testicles are often found... |
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Definition
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Term
| Retained testicles can be mistaken for ___, especially in small breeds. |
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Definition
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Term
| Danger of not removing a retained testicle? |
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Definition
| it can become a malignant tumor |
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Term
| Components of the spermatic cord: |
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Definition
-testicular vessels (incl. panpiniform plexus)
-nerves
-cremaster muscle (retract/relax)
-ductus deferens |
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Term
| What structure pulls the testicle from the caudal pole of the kidney to the scrotum during fetal development? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| carries sperm from the epididymis to the penis |
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Term
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Definition
| coiled tube structure between testicle and ductus deferens, where sperm mature |
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Term
| Open vs Closed castration |
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Definition
Open:
-incise tunic
-double ligate vessels, muscles, nerves, ductus deferens = spermatic cord
Closed:
-leave tunic intact
-double ligate entire contents of spermatic cord and tunic |
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Term
| What type of castration would be best for an older, large dog? |
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Definition
| open - tunic will be thicker, harder to ligate; with closed castration, contents may slip out of the ligature and into body cavity |
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Term
| Where is the incision made for a castration without retained testicles (canine) |
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Definition
| -midline, cranial surface to scrotum |
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Term
| Two incisions on the abdomen of a male dog would indicate what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Feline vs Canine castration |
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Definition
Feline:
-two incisions on caudal scrotum
-no sutures, usually
ligatures optional (can tie structures together)
Canine:
-incision on abdomen, cranial to scrotum
-sutured closed |
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Term
| Some vets do not ligate structures during a cat neuter, but instead... |
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Definition
| tie ductus deferens and vessels together |
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Term
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Definition
-prevents testicular tumors
-no unwanted litters
-prevents prostatic Dz
-decreases aggression, marking, roaming, and unwanted sexual behvior
-decreases perianal hernias, STIs
-Tx for perianal tumors, feminizing syndrome
-increases life expectancy |
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Term
| What conditions are testosterone-driven in males? |
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Definition
-prostatic Dz
-perineal hernias
-perineal tumors
-feminizing syndrome |
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Term
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Definition
| bilateral enlargement of the prostate which presses on the colon, causing ribbon-like stool |
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Term
| What is a perineal hernia? |
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Definition
-looks like enlarged anal sac
-a pocket forms in the rectum and feces accumulates; must be removed manually
-T driven |
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Term
| What is a perianal tumor? |
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Definition
| -T driven -lots of glandular tissue in the area -can be benign or malignant |
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Term
| What is feminizing syndrome? |
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Definition
-testicles produce too much estrogen
-animal loses muscle, hair, mammary glands swell, etc
-Tx = neuter |
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Term
| What kind of tumor can form in a cryptorchid? |
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Definition
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Term
| Disadvantages of Castration: |
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Definition
-weight gain?
-prevents taller males?
-cost
-Sx, anesthesia
-can't breed |
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Term
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Definition
-emotional trauma to pet
-more behavioral problems
-calms animal down
-will not be as protective
-breeding = good $$
-they should be left natural |
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