• East coast river (Southern Canada)
• Completely different from the west coast
• Many more anadromous species
• Atlantic salmon, sturgeon
• Talked about one catadromous species: the American eel (not lamprey eel = anadromous)

• East coast, headwater setting
• Trials and tribulation of the trout

• About Coho Salmon in CA
• Short migraters => go up coastal streams
• The thought was that dams in the rivers wouldn't affect them
• The salmon were most severely affected by logging
• At first ~16 millioin salmon would spawn in the Columbia River Basin before man came.

• Salmon "ran the gauntlet"
• Had to get around 8 dams
• 4 in the Columbia River
• 4 in the Lower Snake River
• They are considering taking down the 4 dams in the lower Snake River => salmon would repopulate
• How were the dams constructed to aid the fish?
• Fish ladders
• Hatcheries
• Hatcheries were NOT effective => loss of genetic diversity

• Growing Atlantic Salmon in "net penns" in the ocean on the West coast
• What went wrong with that idea?
• Sea lice parasites
• Feed/manure pollutes
• Did the Atlantic Salmon escape?
• Yes, problem b/c all the west coast salmon die after spawning => nutrient recycling upstream.  Atlantic salmon doe NOT die after spawning => does not contribute any nutrients (30% of nutrients lost)

1. Wet at least once a year
2. Hydrophytic vegetation
3. Hydric soils

Gets its water from the surface

Runoff, snow melt

1. Agriculture (by far the most)
2. Urban development

• High
• More productive than: rainforest and open ocean (both are also pretty productive), agricultural fields

1. Zone of erosion
2. Zone of sediment transport
3. Zone of sediment deposition

• Natural streams have different velocities due to pools and riffles
• Channelized streams have constant velocity

What are the P/R rations for:

1. Headwater region
2. Midreach region
3. Low region

1. <1 (no photosynthesis)
2. >1 (lots of periphyton = lots of primary productivity)
3. <1

1. Midreach (most)
2. Headwaters
3. Large river setting (least)

• Headwater river P/R <1
• Oligotrophic lake P/R >1 (weakly)
• Even though it is low in nutrients, there is a little phytoplankton = photosynthesis, and nothing decomposing on the bottom of the lake = no respiration

• Midreach river P/R >1
• Eutrophic lake P/R >1

1. American eel (east coust)
2. Striped mullet (west coast)

Depth at which photosynthesis = cell respiration

Between the photic and aphotic zone

More oxygen at the top, none at the bottom

Rotting material at the bottom of the lake consumes all oxygen down there

Follows temperature curve

Faster in reservoir, regulated by humans

More water flows into a reservoir than any lake

• Shortest day length
• High nutrients
• Low phytoplankton

• Day length increases
• Phytoplankton take off, consume all the nutrients in the water column, and die

• Longest day length
• Nutrients all gone, were consumed by plankton during spring bloom
• Low plankton

• Day length begins to decrease again => water surface temp decreases => warmer water below rises up => stirs water column => phosphate and nitrate nutrients are resuspended

1. Transforms a lotic system into a lentic system
2. Increased temperatures in epilimnion layer
3. Hypolimnion becomes anoxic, the water is colder

1. Water is low in oxygen, clear, and cold
2. Stream bed armory, reduces niches
3. No more flooding => no more scouring of the riparian zone

1. Above = eutrophic
2. Below = oligotrophic (clear water)

Organic material growing on the bottom

Mostly algae

1. Epibenthic
2. Infauna