1. Convection
2. Conduction
3. Radiation

Remove one or more of the following:

fuel, heat, and/or oxygen

1. Topography
2. Slope
3. Aspect
4. Elevation
5. Canyons and saddles/ridges

• Fuel type
• Fuel moisture
• Fuel temperature
• Terrain
• Wind
• Stability of the air
• Fire behavior

• Oxygen: cover with dirt, retardant or foam
• Heat: removed by cooling with water, fam, retardant or dirt
• Fuel: removed by cutting a fireline between the fuel that is burning, and the unburned fuel

1. Preheats fuel
2. Creates a draft effect

1. Aerobic
2. Muscular

• 24-36 hours
• average 1 hour sleep for 2 hours of work 
• 10% above the normal heart rate means fatigue/dehydration

1. Heat cramps (mildest)
2. Heat exhaustion
3. Dehydration exhaustion
4. Weight loss and fatigue
5. Heat stroke
6. You lose 1-2 quarts of water an hour
7. You should drink 12 quarts of water a day (1 every hour)

• If wide will have little effect on wind pattern
• Narrow canyon may have a wind different from that of the general wind 

Conduction

convection

radiation

1. Molecules move heat through a solid object
2. heated air rises
3. Heat radiates from a heat source

• Moisture content in fuel material that is dead
• DFM is changed by the moisture content in the air

• All sources of ignition dangerous
• Aggressive burning
• Spot fires occu often and spread rapidly

• Amount of fuel available to burn
• Measured in tons per acre

Lack of fire in area will cause a buildup of fuels that will greatly increase the resistance to suppression efforts.

prolonged droughts making fuels more flammable 

• The warmer the fuels, the less hea it takes to ignite
• The smaller the size and mass, the quicker heat buildup will occur and changes in moisture content will be faster

• Topography
• Passage of weather front
• Fire

• Strong surface winds
• High fast moving clouds
• Approaching cold front
• Cumulonimbus development and battling (or opposing) winds or sudden calm
• The stronger the wind, the faster the spread of fire

Warmer layer of air is above cooler air.

may bring about erratic winds when fire develops and heat  column goes through the inversion layer and is released

• Crowns must be rather dense and continuous 
• There's has to be sufficient ground or ladder fuels to carry the fire into the tops of the trees

• Rapid increase in fire intensity
• High sustained ROS
• Well developed convection column
• Long distance spotting
• Fire whirlwinds or horizontal flame sheeting and sudden calming of the wind

1. Heat cramps: painful muscle cramps; treatment includes drinking lightly salted water, juice or athletic drinks
2. Heat exhaustion: weakness, unstable gait, extreme fatigue, clammy skin, headache, nausea; treatment includes same as heat cramps, plus resting in shade
3. Heat stroke: hot dry skin, body temp above 106, mental confusion, delirium and LOC; treatment includes cooling the body immediately and treating for shock

• Boots
• Helmet
• Gloves
• Goggle
• Hood or shroud
• Fire shelter

• Fight fire aggressively but provide for safety first
• Initiate all actions based on current and expected fire behavior
• Recognize current weather conditions and obtain forecasts
• Ensure instructions are given and understood
• Obtain current information on fire status 
• Remain in communication with members, supervisor and adjoining forces
• Determine safety zones and escape routes
• Estab lookouts in potentially hazardous situations
• Retain control at all time, stay alert, keep calm, think clearly and act decisively 

• Lookouts
• Awareness
• Communications
• Escape routes 
• Safety zones

1. Fire not scouted and sized up
2. In country not seen in daylight
3. Safety zones and escape routes not identified 
4. Unfamiliar with weather and local factors influencing fire behavior
5. Uninformed on strategy, tactics, and hazards
6. Instructions and assignments not clear
7. No communication with crew or supvervisor 
8. Constructing line w/o an anchor point
9. Building fireline downhill with fire below
10. Attempting a frontal assault on fire
11. Unburned fuel between you and the fire
12. Cannot see main fire
13. Not in contact with someone who can see
14. On a hillside where rolling material can ignite fuel below
15. Weather becoming hotter and drier
16. Wind increases and or changes direction
17. Getting frequent spot fires across fireline
18. Terrain and fuels make escape to safety zones difficult
19. Feel like taking a nap near fireline

1. Relatively small fires or isolated sectors of large fires
2. Fire innocent in appearance prior to flareup or blowups
3. Light fuels
4. Chimneys
5. Low bypass by helicopters or air tankers

• Consider any line on ground as charged
• Flag area and warn and restrict access
• Notify your supervisor and any FF's

• Carry tools at balance point and on downhill side
• Place guards on sharp tools when not in use
• Place tools where they will not be tripped over
• Don't use tools that have a loose head
• Walk and work at least 10 feet from other FF's
• Use tools only for their intended use

• Education
• Engineering
• Enforcement 

• Nonflammable roof and siding
• Covered attic vents
• Adquate clearance of flammable vegetation
• Smoke detectors 
• adequate street widths
• clearly posted names
• Adequate water and extinguishers

1. Ignorance
2. Machismo
3. Apathy

1. Temperature
2. Relative humidity
3. Wind-most influential

• Tactical-from the scene
• Strategic- from weather forecast 

• Does not require shelter deployment 
• An area used for escape in the event the line is outflanked or in case a spot fire causes fuels outside the control line to render the line unsafe

• It's common to lose 1 to 2 quarts of sweat an hour
• Drink water before during and after shift
• Replacing 12 or more quarts a day 
• Stay away from caffeine drinks
• Don't wait until you feel thirsty

1. Do not wear synthetic
2. Wear only approved PPE or wear cotton material
3. Wear a second layer
4. Best policy is not to get on engine until you are properly dressed

• Last resort
• Reflects radiant heat
• Traps air
• Pick a site clear of vegetation, heavy fuels and flammable equipment 
• Get on ground, get under shelter
• Prone protect airway face to the ground 
• Never wet clothing or wet face or respirator protection
• Communicate with other FF's in shelters

• Look for people or vehicles that don't fit
• Protect the point of origin
• Preserve evidence

Never consider it as the final control line

fireline must be cut to mineral soil

• One volume of water will cool 300 volumes of burning fuel if applied properly
• Don't waste water
• Use a spray stream for most of your work
• Use a straight stream for reach

• Chemical which when added to water in the right amount creates bubbles
• Bubbles stick to the fuel and gradually release moisture

• Bubbly water absorbs heat more efficiently than water

• Attacks all 3 sides of the triangle
• Cool, smother, insulate fuels

Running edge of fire

not uncommon to have two or more heads

• Caused by shift of wind or change in topography
• Develop behind head
• May become 2nd head

• Convection
• Spotting
• Radiation

• Involves the use of fire to remove the unburned fuels between the fires edge and control line

• To control or turn a high intensity front that will outrun fireline if it can be slowed or stopped 
• Main fire draws the backfire to it

• Used to protect structures
• Other high value sites
• Or to construct a safety zone
• Normally don't have an anchor point
• Used when no chance to effect perimeter control

• Less than 4 ft: generally can be attacked at the head or flanks using hand tools.
• 4-8 feet: to intense for direct attack on the head with hand tools
• 8 to 11 feet: serious control problems; crowning, spotting, torching. Control efforts at head ineffective
• Over 11 feet: crowing, spotting and major fire runs are probable

• Direct: work directly on fires edge
• Parallel: construct handline 6 to 50 feet from the fires edge
• Indirect: fireline is constructed some distance from the fire 

1. Tandem
2. Pincer
3. Flanking
4. Envelopment

• Work both flanks of the fire
• Use most often to prevent fire from spreading laterally

• Must be well coordinated 
• Involves suppression actions at several points on the fires perimeter

• Overall incident objectives and strategies are met
• Ensure that there is one operational plan and integrated tactical ops are conducted
• IAP is implemented under the direction of one individual-the OPS section Chief

1. Common terminology
2. Modular organization: Fits any size incident
3. Integratecommunications 
4. Unified command
5. Consolidated action plan
6. Span of control
7. Designated incident facilities
8.  grouping of resources
9. Resource management 

• Command
• Operations
• Logistics
• Planning
• Finance/administration 

Any combination of resources grouped to accomplish a specific task

task force leader is assigned

Set number and type of resources

strike team leader is assigned

• Accurate status of all resources is critical
• Three status conditions;

1. Assigned
2. Available
3. Out of service 

• Responsible for forecasting weather
• Preparing the IAP
• 4 units:
• Resources, situation, documentation, demobilization 
• Planning tracks the fire and resources

• Tracks costs
• Time
• Procurement
• Compensation/claims

• Developed by planning section
• Outlines who is to do what, when and with whom
• Division assignment
• Medical plan
• Radio communications
• Org assignment list

MACS

multi-agency coordination system

• slope is an aid to fire spread, but an obstacle to firefighters and  fire equipment
• slope is most commonly expressed as a percent; the number of units of vertical distance in every hundred units of horizontal distance

• Map reading skills are important
• map is a graphic representationof features on the ground
• topographic map is much more useful to the wildland F.F., than a road map
• the vertical dimension being indicated by contour lines (a line on a map representing an imaginary line on the ground, all points of which all have the same elevation

indicate a depression

ticks are always on the downhill side of the contour

• unscreened vents
• windows
• holes in roofing material
• open doors and breezeways
• crawl spaces
• openings in mobile home skirting
• under roof tiles

• can be applied to a roof or wall of a structure as protection from fire brands or radiant heat
• in most situations; foam blanket may last 15-30 min

• control lines must be in place before you start firing
• if you can, burn downhill and against the wind
• knock down flareups that threaten the line
• watch for hot spots
• if time prepare the structure, improve the defensible space.

1. spotting
2. full control
3. partial control
4. no control

• Look at the big picture
• consider what you can do with firefighters and water at hand

• if you are within 50 feet of the dozer, you are in the danger zone
• approach dozer only when told to, and only if the operator sees you
• dont approach if its moving and operator cant see you
• be extremely cautious if working belo the dozer-rocks, or other things could be dislodged and roll

• Always tie to an anchor point.
• Drop retardant into the wind
• Use drops to reinforce line
• Make sure airtankers are needed and conditions are safe

one that is well coordinated

All forces working together under one plan

• Use clock orientation
• lead planes are used to provide a higher degree of safety for airtankers

• If a windsock is not available, use flagging tape
• Approach and depart on the downslope side
• Approach and depart in the pilots field of vision
• Stay away from tail rotor
• Downdrafts from low flying Helo can cause erratic fire behavior
• Pick a location free from power lines

• Best for use on wildland fire. It is much more versatile
• Can provide a protective cone
• Straight streams have greater reach

1. Allows firefighting resources to leap-frog
2. Involves two or more engines or other firefighting apparatus 
3. Lead engine can move faster knowing the tandem engine will pickup any hotspots

• The ratio of the amount of moisture in a given volume of space to the amount that volume would contain if it were saturated
• The ratio of the actual vapor pressure to the saturated VP

• The relative activity of a fire in extending its size.
• It is expressed as rate of increase of the total perimeter of the fire

• Constructing fireline next to the fire.
• usually the safest method of attacking a fire of low or moderate intensity in light fuels
  

• Method of suppression in which fireline is constructed approx parallel to
• Unburned strip between the fires edge and the fireline is burned out as the fireline is being constructed

1. Not a one time activity
2. Is the development of a mental picture of what is happening, what the fire is doing or will do
3. Continuous process that is only concluded when fire is under control

• Hose clamp
• Spanner

1. On land
2. submergible
3. Floating

1. Drip torch
2. Fuse

• Air tanker most effective during initial attack
• If winds greater than 20 mph, no air tanker 
• If turnaround greater than 30 min, get more AT
• Best drop is 150 ft above fuel
• Retardant weighs over 9lbs per gallon 
• Retardant should fall as a mist or rain
• Retardants are most effective if applied ahead of the fire