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First King of the Franks. United Franks into one kingdom. Also believed that praying won a battle, so converted to Church of Rome, which supported his military campaigns. |
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| Charles the Great. Powerful king who built empire by conquering new lands, spreading Christianity. Reunited western Europe. After crushing rebellion against the pope, crowned emperor. This joined Germanic power, the Church & Roman Empire. |
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System for governing landholding emerged in Europe. Based on mutual obligations.
In exchange for military protection and other services a lord (landowner) granded a fief (land) to a vassal (person receiving land). Serfs (peasants who could not leave, but were not slaves) toiled the fields. |
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| Duke of Normandy. Declared all of England his personal property. Granted fiefs to lords loyal to him, laying foundation for central government. |
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| King John and the Magna Carta |
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| Nobles rebelled against King John's taxes. Forced him to agree to the "Great Charter." Guarded feudal rights and limited the king's power. Later applied to all citizens - no taxation without representation, jury trial, protection of the law. |
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| 200 year "holy war" to gain control over Holy Land. Economic goals & religious motives. Battles rid church of quarreling knights that threatened peace and church property. Those who died were assured a place in heaven. Finally won strip of land near Jeusalem , which soon fell to the Muslims. Failure lessened power of Pope and feudal nobility, but stimulated trade between Europe & South Asia. |
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Cultural decline after the end of Rome.
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