Term
|
Definition
| >_____mg/dl plasma glucose concentration on a Fasting plasma glucose test (with symptoms) indicates a diagnosis of DM. |
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Term
|
Definition
| >_____mg/dl plasma glucose concentration on a random plasma glucose test (with symptoms) indicates a diagnosis of DM. |
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Term
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Definition
| A pathologic proteinaceous substance that is deposited between cells in various tissues and organs. 3 main types: AL-amylod light chain. AA-amyloid associated, made in liver. Ab amyloid-found in the cerebral lesions of alzheimers pts. Stains with congo red. |
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Term
| 104. Aminotransferase, Alanine (ALT) |
|
Definition
| Present primarily in the liver, mainly in the hepatocye cytoplasm. Is elevated about the same degree and frequency as AST in hepatitis, viral hepatitis, Mono, and drug induced injury. |
|
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Term
| 105. Aminotransferase, Aspartate (AST) |
|
Definition
| Present in the many organs (liver, skeletal/cardiac muscle, pancreas, kidney, brain , lungs, erythrocytes and leukocytes and hepatocytes) In liver cells 80% is in the mitochondria. Levels increase with acute liver cell injury. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Produced in the intestine by bacteria metabolizing protein. Transformed into urea in the liver. Systemic blood levels increase following extrahepatic or intrahepatic portal shunting. |
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Term
| 107. Ankylosing Spondylitis |
|
Definition
| Chronic inflammatory disease of axial joints. M>F. 90% for HLA-B27. Chronic synovitis, destruction of articular cartilage, bony ankylosis, peripheral joint involvement in 1/3 of patients. |
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Term
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Definition
| An abnormal stiffness or rigidity of a joint due to abnormal adhesion and rigidity of the bones of a joint. Can be complete or partial. Said to occur when bones are so joined togeather that no motion can occur. Commonly seen in RA. |
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Term
|
Definition
| This is the more mild, early manifestation of pneumoconiosis. Mostly asymptomatic, but when symptoms do appear it is chronic cough and shortness of breath. Risk factors are coal dust and smoking. |
|
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Term
| 110. Antibodies, anti-centromere |
|
Definition
| ANA found in 96% of CREST pts. |
|
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Term
| 111. Antibodies, double-stranded DNA |
|
Definition
| Found in Lupus and can be used with other symptoms to diagnos Lupus. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| ANA found in Diffuse scleraderma. Also known as antibodies against DNA topoisomerase I. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Has a strong association with Acute Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus and Sjogren syndrome. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Has a strong association with Sjogren syndrome. |
|
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Term
| 115. Arthritis, psoriatic |
|
Definition
| An uncommon asymmetric inflammatory arthritis. HLA-B27 is common. Papillary hyperplasia with chronic inflammation. Radiographic "Pencil in cup" appearance. |
|
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Term
| 116. Arthritis, rheumatoid |
|
Definition
| A chronic systemic, relapsing inflammatory disorder that may affect tissues and organs, but which mainly attacks the joint, producing a nonsuppurative synovitis that often progresses to destruction of the articular cartilage and ankylosis of the joint. |
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Term
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Definition
| Response which does not involve antibodies. Marked by macrophages, NK cells and antigen specific cytotoxic T-cells and the release of cytokines.This is also a type of acute rejection marked by interstitial mononuclear inflitrate. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A copper containing serum glycoprotein made in the liver. Levels are low in Wilson's disease and severe hepatocellular disease. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Type of biliruben that is loosely bound to albumin. Nontoxic and water soluble. Also known as direct biliruben. Made by the enzyme UGT in the liver. Excreted into the bile. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Commonly called Pink Eye. This is an inflammatory condition of the conjunctiva of the eye. Associated with Reiter's syndrome. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| This is seen commonly as a radiographic change in people who have OA. Clinically may be observed to have a crack leaking synovial fluid into the bone from this. |
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Term
|
Definition
| In X-linked agammglobulinemia of Bruton there is________number of B-cells. In DM 2 there is a_______response to insulin or ________ number of receptors. |
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Term
| 124. Degeneration, liquefactive |
|
Definition
| Condition of the dermal/epidermal junction involving dermal fibrosis, and a perivascular mononuclear infiltrate. Involved in SLE. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A slow onset bilateral symetric disease with skin and muscle involvment. Effects Children or adults. Grotton lesions and dysphagia in 1/3 of pts. Adults have an increased risk of visceral cancers. Microvasculature is attacked by immunoglobulin and complement. CD4 cells implicated. |
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Term
| 126. Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) |
|
Definition
| Usually seen in Type 1 DM. Onset may be insidious or abrupt. Early symptoms are polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia. Progresses to weakness, orthostatic hypotension, GI symptoms, rapid deep respiration. Charactorized by eventual total body depletion of potassium stores. Fatal in 5%. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Difficulty in ability to swallow. A symptom of several conditions including: |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Boney sclerosis which occurs at sites of cartilage loss. Associated with Osteoarthritis. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Macular complication DM causing non-proliferative retinopathy. |
|
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Term
| 130. Giant cell tumor of tendon sheath |
|
Definition
| Similar to PVNS, this manifests as a solitary, slow growing, painless mass. Frequently involves tendon sheaths along the wrists and fingers. |
|
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Term
| 131. Glomerulonephritis, diffuse proliferative |
|
Definition
| Proliferation of endothelial, mesangial and epithelial cells with some crescents, and subendothelial deposits on the EM. Micro or gross hematuria, proteinuria and HTN. This is class IV lupus nephritis. Not good to have this. |
|
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Term
| 132. Glomerulonephritis, membranous |
|
Definition
| Widespread thickening of capillary walls with severe proteinuria and nephrotic syndrome, with subepithelial immune complex deposits on EM. Class V lupus nephritis. |
|
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Term
| 133. Glomerulosclerosis, nodular |
|
Definition
| A type of glomerular lesion associated with diabetes mellitis. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The most important stimulus for the release and synthesis of insulin. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Associated with PVNS. Is responsible for the Red-brown to mottled orange-yellow color of the synovium. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Testing for this reflects the average blood glucose levels over previous weeks. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Most inflammatory diseases are associated with this HLA type. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Type of response mediated by antibodies produced by B-cell lymphocytes which transform into plasma cells and secrete antibodies. |
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Term
| 139. Hyperosmotic, non-ketotic coma |
|
Definition
| Usually seen in Type 2 DM. Mortality in 30-50%. Can be caused by MI, pulmonary embolism, sepsis
ect. Presents with dehydration, sunken eyes, cool skin, thready pulse. Conciousness is related to serum osmolality. Potasium stores will be depleted. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| More common in Type 1 DM. Complication of insulin therapy. Glucose lvls <50 mg/dl. Can result in "Unawareness" where insulin lvls dont fall, glucagon and epinephrine response diminishes. 1st signs may be neurohypoglycemia. |
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Term
| 141. Hypersensitivity, Type I |
|
Definition
| Mediated by IgE antibodies bound to mast cells and basophils in response to a particular antigen. Release of preformed primary mediators and de novo synthesis of 2ndary mediators. Immediate and late phases. |
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Term
| 142. Hypersensitivity, Type II |
|
Definition
| Mediated by antibodies directed against antigens present on the surface of cells or tissue components. 3 types: Complement dependent, Antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity, antibody mediated cellular dysfunction. |
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Term
| 143. Hypersensitivity, Type III |
|
Definition
| Induced by antigen-antibody complexes causing tissue damage due to activating the complement system. Can form in circulation and then be deposited systemically. Antigens can be exogenous or endogenous. Acute serum sickness, Arthus reaction. |
|
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Term
| 144. Hypersensitivity, Type IV |
|
Definition
| Initiated by specifically sensitized T cells. Can be Delayed type hypersensitivity (CD4 cells) or T cell mediated cytotoxicity (CD8 cells). |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Immunoglobulin that mediates Type 1 hypersensitivity by binding to mast cells and basophils in respose to a particular antigen. |
|
|
Term
| 147. Immunodeficiency, Common Variable |
|
Definition
| Common sporadic or inherited condition. No single pattern of inheritance in familial forms. Normal #'s of B-cells but they cant become plasma cells. Results in hypogammaglobulinemia. Increased risk of lymhoid malignancy and gastric carcinoma. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| In gout there is _________ nucleic acid turnover. Scleroderma has _______ dermal collagen. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Yellowing coloration of tissues caused by deposition of both conjugated and unconjugated biliruben. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Caused by extensive subendothelial deposits creating peculiar thickening of capillary walls. Seen in class IV lupus nephritis but also class III and V. Indicates active disease and poor prognosis. Typically if seen can be diagnosic for lupus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Diffuse thickening of basement membranes which is not restricted to vessels. Thickening of the basal lamina. Seen in diabetics and the development of nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Hyperosmolar non-keytotic coma is ________ for keytones. (weakly positive) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A complication of DM that is associated with proliferative retinopathy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Also called "Background". This refers to a type of retinopathy associated with DM complications including: microangiopathy, microaneurysms, edema- macular, exudates, hemorrhages and venous dilitation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Most common type of Joint disease. Progressive erosion of articular cartilage. Considered an intrinsic disease of cartilage. Not caused by inflammation. Woman are effected more in th knees and hands. Men in the hips. Strong association with aging. |
|
|
Term
| 156. Osteopenia, juxta-articular |
|
Definition
| Loss of bone mineral density near or around a joint is refered to as _________________. Associated with RA. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Boney prominence, or bone spur which usually form in cases of arthritis. They can limit ROM and by painful. Commonly seen in areas of increased or decreased bone proliferation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A membrane of granulation tissue composed of mesenchyme- and bone marrow-derived cells. Stimulates the release of IL-1, platelet-derived growth factor, prostaglandins, and substance P by macrophages, which ultimately cause cartilage destruction and bone erosion. Associated with RA. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When fasting hyperglycemia is due primarily to AM cortisol secretion. Not due to infection or food intake. Treatment is to increase the appropriate insulin dose to match the cortisol. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hyperglycemia following an episode of hypoglycemia. "Over" correction of glucose lvls. Treatment is to decrease insulin, decrease exersize and increase food intake. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Type of retinopathy associated with DM complications including: Neovascularization and fibroplasia. |
|
|
Term
| 162. Phosphatase, Alkaline (ALP) |
|
Definition
| Has several isoenzymes and is found in several tissues including liver, bone, kidney, intestine and placenta. This is not absolutely specific for cholestasis because even < 3x elevation can be seen in any liver disease. Used as a test for cholestasis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Symmetric proximal muscle weakness with no cutaneous involvement. Occurs mainly in adults. Slight Increased risk for visceral cancers. Direct injury to myofibers by CD8 T cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Juvenile RA, SLE and Scleroderma are _____ for ANA. Reiter's syndrome, Ankylosing spondylitis are______ for HLA-B27. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Heparin and condroitin sulfate are types of ___________. Also are part of the P component of Amyloidosis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Type of infection that is recurrent and is associated with X-linked agammaglobulinemia of Bruton. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A vasospastic disorder causing discoloration of the fingers, toes and occasionally other extremities. Associated with CREST. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| May occur within days of transplantation in untreated. May occur suddenly, months or even yrs later after immunosuppresion has been stoped. Has both cellular and humoral mechanisms. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Commonly seen in renal allografts. Pts present with a rise in serum creatinine lvls over 4-6 months. Vascular changes, Interstitial mononuclear infiltrates with large numbers of plasma cells and eosinophils. Loss of renal parenchyma. |
|
|
Term
| 170. Rejection, hyperacute |
|
Definition
| Occurs within minutes/hrs after transplantation. Cyanosis, low urine output, flaccid, classic arthus reaction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An autoantibody against the Fc portion of autologous IgG. Most is IgM and testing looks for IgM, but it CAN be IgG, IgA or IgE. Present in serum and joint fluid. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A localized thickening and tightness of the skin of the fingers or toes. Associated with CREST. |
|
|
Term
| 173. Scleroderma, diffuse |
|
Definition
| Form of Scleroderma with widespread skin involvement with rapid and early visceral involvement. F>M (3:1) Excessive fibrosis with common involvement of GI, Kidneys, Heart, Muscles, and lungs. Common COD: Heart failure, Pulmonary Insufficiency, Renal Failure. Can see Raynauds phenom, dysphasia, positive ANA's. |
|
|
Term
| 174. Scleroderma, localized (CREST) |
|
Definition
| Form of Scleroderma involving calcinosis, Raynaud's phenom, Esophageal dysphagia, sclerodactyly and telangectasia. More local and not as severe. |
|
|
Term
| 175. Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease |
|
Definition
| A group of genetically distinct syndromes with defects in humoral and cellular immunity. Affected infants are susceptible to wide array of recurrent infections. Treat w/ bone marrow transplant. Most commonly is x-linked with some autosomal recessive forms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Characterized by Keratoconjuctivitis sicca (dry eyes) and Xerostomia (dry mouth) caused by immunologically mediated destruction of the lacrimal and salivary glands. F>M (90% women) HLA class II allele association. Can have ANA's and RF. Mainly SS-A and SS-B. High risk for non-hodgkins lymphoma(B-cell) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A combination of rheumatoid arthritis and pneumoconiosis (from coal dust) that manifests as intrapulmonary nodules. S & S include cough, shortness of breath, Rheumatoid nodules and painful joints. |
|
|
Term
| 179. Syndrome, Crigler-Najjar |
|
Definition
| Autosomal recessive condition presenting with absent bilirubin UGT activity. Fatal- death in 18 months. (Type 1) Type 2 is autosomal dominant, less severe and nonfatal. |
|
|
Term
| 180. Syndrome, DiGeorge (thymic hypoplasia) |
|
Definition
| T-cell deficiency due to failure of the development of the 3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouches. Results in Dysmorphic facies. Pts have absence of cell mediated immune response, tetany and congenital heart defects with poor defense against fungal and viral infections. |
|
|
Term
| 181. Syndrome, Dubin-Johnson |
|
Definition
| Autosomal recessive condition caused by a hereditary defect in hepatocellular excretion of biliruben glucuonides across the canalicular membrane due to absence of transport proteins. Live is deeply pigmented, but there is normal life expectancy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Triad of RA, splenomegaly, and neutropenia. Increased risk of infection. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Common benign inherited condition with fluctuating hyperbilirubinemia. Detected in times of stress, with no clinical consequence. Normal liver architecture, no cirrhosis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Triad of arthritis, nongonococcal urethritis or cervicitis and conjunctivitis. M>F. >80% are positive for HLA-B27. Pathologic features similar to RA. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An inflammatory condition of the joint synovium resulting in swelling and pain and commonly seen with erosive changes. Includes conditions as: OA, RA, Spondyliting anklosis. |
|
|
Term
| 186. Synovitis, non-erosive |
|
Definition
| An inflammatory condition of the joint synovium resulting in swelling and pain with no erosive changes. Associated with SLE. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Type of anaphylaxis that results from parenteral or oral administration of allergen. Severity reflects lvl of sensitization. Puritis, urticaria and erythema develop in minutes followed by bronchoconstriction, laryngeal edema, obstruction, shock and death in minutes to hours. |
|
|
Term
| 188. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) |
|
Definition
| Chronic multisystem autoimmune disease charactorized by relapses and remissions, affecting the skin, joints, KIDNEY, heart and serosal membranes. ANA's are present with antibodies to ds dna and the sm antigen are virtually diagnostic of this. Cause is still unknown. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Deposits of monosodium urate crystals in people with longstanding high levels of uric acid in the blood. Most commonly seen in gout. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| DM that results from a severe, absolute lack of insulin due to a reduction in the beta cell mass. Causes include Autoimmunity, genetic factors and environmental factors. Also called insulin dependent DM or Juvinile DM. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| DM that developes by two charactoristic mechanisms: Derangement in Beta cell secretion of insulin and Insulin resistance. No evidence of autoimmune mechanisms, and genetic factors are very important in development of this. Obesity is found in 80% of these. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Type of biliruben that is bound to albumin. It is toxic and non-water soluble. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inflamatory condition of the urethra associated with Reiter's syndrome. Usually is the first symptom to manifest. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inflammatory condition associated with destruction of blood vessels. Commonly seen with SLE. |
|
|
Term
| 196. X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia of Bruton |
|
Definition
| Common form of primary immunodeficiency. Failure of B-cell precursors to differentiate into B-cells. X-linked so seen mainly in males. Decreased B cells and lvls of all immunoglobulins. Absence of plasma cells. |
|
|
Term
| Hypersensitivity, Type 1-Immediate |
|
Definition
| Rapid onset. 5-30 min after antigen exposure. Resolution in 30 min. |
|
|
Term
| Hypersensitivity, Type 1-Late Phase |
|
Definition
| 2-8 hrs after exposure. No additional antigenic challenge. Intense inflammatory infliltrate. |
|
|
Term
| Osteoarthritis, characteristics |
|
Definition
| Loss of articular cartilage, bone ebernation, Cysts, Sub-chondral sclerosis of bone, Osteophytes. |
|
|
Term
| OA. Clinical signs and symptoms |
|
Definition
| Insidious onset. Morning stiffness less than 30 min. Deep achy pain that worsens with use. Crepitus. Limited ROM. Nerve root impingement by spinal osteophytes. Heberden's nodes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Proliferative synovitis, Pannus, Ankylosis, Rheumatoid nodules, Vasculitis. |
|
|
Term
| RA. Clinical signs and symptoms |
|
Definition
| Variable course, Malaise, pain and low grade fever. Swollen, painful joints (symmetric polyarthritis) Stiffness > 1 hr. Destruction of ligaments, tendons and joint capsule. |
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