Term
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Definition
| Fat soluble vitamin. Second most prevalent nutritional disease in the world. Vitamin A - active form, rhodopsin, iodopsins. Role in cell differentiation. Clinical S&S - Night blindness, Corneal unceration, urinary stones |
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Term
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Definition
| Vitamin B1(thiamine) defeciency, can be wet or dry |
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Term
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Definition
| Water soluble vitamin. Cofactor in the synthesis of collagen. Deficiency is Scurvy |
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Term
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Definition
| Fat soluble vitamin. Maintains normal levels of Ca. You get sunlight or eat vitamin D, then goes to the liver - adds OH group to be 25-OH-D, then goes to the kidney - 1,25(OH)2D Calciferol the active form. Deficiency in children - Rickets. Deficiency in adults - Osteomalacia |
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Term
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Definition
| Vitamin A plays a main role in cellular differentiation |
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Term
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Definition
| beriberi: Peripheral neuropathy - foot drop. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fat soluble vitamin. Antioxidant. Deficiency causes neuropathy, DM-like symptoms |
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Term
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Definition
| Alternating pigmented and depigmented areas on skin and hair (Kwashiokor) |
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Term
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Definition
| Comes from dry form of beriberi - peripheral neuropathy |
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Term
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Definition
| disease or disfunction of peripheral nerves - numbness and weakness. Found in deficiencies of E, B1, Niacin, B6 |
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Term
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Definition
| In scurvy the big problem is inadequate synthesis of osteoid |
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Term
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Definition
| Vitamin D deficiency in adults: softening of bone |
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Term
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Definition
| Niacin deficiency: dermatitis, red swollen tongue, diarrhea, DIMENSIA, |
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Term
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Definition
| Vitamin D deficiency in children: bowing of legs, Rachitic Rosary, Harrison's groove, pigeon chest. |
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Term
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Definition
| Vitamin C deficiency: in growing children - hemorrages, subperiosteal hematomas, bleeding in joint spaces, skeletal changes (disturbance of osteoid matrix formation). In adult and children - Poor wound heeling, Gingival swelling and hemorrhages |
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Term
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Definition
| Compartment-PEM, Marasmus |
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Term
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Definition
| Compartment-PEM, Kwashiorkor |
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Term
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Definition
| beriberi: Flabby heart with 4 chamber dilation |
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Term
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Definition
| Male hemoglobin reference range is 14-18 |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells different sizes. Tested by RDW |
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Term
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Definition
| Linear or spindle-shaped red-purple inclusions in blasts or promyelocytes. Usually seen only in pathologic conditions - AML. Derivative of azurophilic granules |
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Term
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Definition
| Appears as a basophilic (purple) spot in erythrocytes. Spots are normally pitted by spleen. Spots are clusters of DNA that are normally expelled during maturation in the bone marrow, but sometimes remain |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Proetein that effects the production of increased number of RBC's, produced mainly by the kidney. It's action: Induces committed prgenitor cells in the marrow to proliferate and differentiate into pronormoblasts, Shortens the generationg time of normoblasts, Promotes early release of reticulocytes into the circulation. Result: Normoblastic erythroid hyperplasia |
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Term
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Definition
| The ratio of the volume of erythrocytes to that of the whole body. HCT = MCV x RBC |
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Term
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Definition
| Conjugated protein which is the transport vehicle for oxygen and Carbon dioxide |
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Term
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Definition
| Normal neutrophils have 2-5 lobes connected by a thin chromasome strand. >5% of neutrophils have 5 lobes or more, or if 1% of neutrophils have 6+ lobes, seen in megaloblastic anemia |
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Term
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Definition
| Diminished RBC color. Associated with micrycytic anemias. Tested by MCHC |
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Term
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Definition
| cause of pathologic neutrophilia |
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Term
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Definition
| Excessive leukocytic response. Leukocytosis of 50 x 109 /L or higher with a shift to the left |
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Term
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Definition
| Increase in total WBC's above the upper limit of the referance range |
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Term
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Definition
| Anemia. Test is above normal range |
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Term
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Definition
| Reticulocytes. Normal maturation time is 1 day. Normal hematocrit is 45%, but when that drops erythropoietin pushes reticulocytes into circulation sooner and the maturation time increases. 25% hematocrit is pathologic, correlates with 2 day maturation time. |
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Term
| MCH (mean cell hemoglobin) |
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Definition
| Content (wieght) of hemoglobin of the average RBC. MCH = HGB/RBC. Reference range: 27-33pg |
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Term
| MCHC (mean cells hemoglobin conc.) |
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Definition
| The average concentration of HGB in a given volume of packed RBC's. MCHC = HGB/HCT. Reference range: 30-35 g/dl |
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Term
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Definition
| Average volume of RBC, MCV = HCT/RBC, reference range: 76-96 fl |
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Term
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Definition
| Anemia. Test is below normal range. Will also see hypochromic cells and anisocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
| Dark blue to purple cytoplasmic granule. Peroxidase positive. Found in severe infection or other toxic conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| Poor prognosis for ALL if age is <2, good prognosis of age is >2 and <10 |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| AML with maturation. 30-40% of AML. Full range of myeloid maturation, Auer Rods. t(8;21) - good prognosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia. Majority of cells are hypergranular promeylocytes. Many Auer Rods. PTNS OFTEN DEVELOP DIC. Characteristic t(15;17), 5-10% AML. |
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Term
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Definition
| Acute Myelomonocytic Leukemia. Myelocytic and monocytic differentiation evident. 15-20% AML. Presence in abnormalities in chromasome 16 - good prognosis |
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Term
| Philadelphia chromasome: t(9:22) |
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Definition
| Poor prognosis indicator in ALL. CML >90% have abnormality - found in lymph, megakaryocytes, granlocytes, others - Bcr-cABL gene fusion (results in protein production with tryosine kinase activity) - pushes cells into growth cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| Seen as part of organ infiltration in acute leukemia |
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Term
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Definition
| This is a good prognosis indicator in ALL |
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Term
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Definition
| Morphologically, phenotypically, and genotypically indistinguishable |
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Term
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Definition
| Clinical presentation of PCV, skin is blue |
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Term
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Definition
| Seen in primary myelofibrosis - Megakaryocytes responsible for bone marry fibrosis |
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Term
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Definition
| Decreased immunoglobulin in blood. Characteristic of CLL lab - leads to increased susceptibility to infections (b/c of low immunoglobulin). This is frequently the COD in CLL pts. |
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Term
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Definition
| In ET you have an increased number of platelets |
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Term
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Definition
| CLL/SLL - occurs in 15-30%. Marked elevation in lymphocyte count (10-15% prolymphocytes). Inc. spleenomegaly, poor response to therapy, <1yrs survival |
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Term
| Philadelphia chromasome: t(9:22) |
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Definition
| Poor prognosis indicator in all of them but CML |
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Term
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Definition
| Panmyelosis with erythroid precursors dominant: Inc. in red cell mass, Leukocytosis, Thrombocytosis. Erythropoietin decreased. Symptoms due to: Inc. blood volume, Inc. viscosity, Hemorrhagic diathisis. Cyanosis. Tx: phlebotomy. May develop terminal AML |
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Term
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Definition
| A chronic progressive panmylosis with: bone marrow fibrosis, splenomegaly with extramedullary hematopoises, and leukoerythroblastic anemia. Laboratory: Marked poikilocytosis, Nucleated RBC's, teardrop shaped erythrocytes, basophilic stippling. 15-20% of cases become AML. |
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Term
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Definition
| Clinical Feature of Hairy Cell Leukemia, often massive. Extreme splenomegaly is also a feature of CML |
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Term
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Definition
| Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Seen in ~10% pf ptns. Rapid onset fever and abdominal pain. Progressive Lymphadenopathy. Poor response to therapy. Survival <1 yr. |
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Term
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Definition
| SLL is 4% of NHL. SLL median survival 4-6 yrs. Aslo 4 yrs median survival for LPL |
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Term
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Definition
| Autoimmune hemolytic anemia/thrombocyopenia in SLL |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs in Ptns with HIV. Starry sky pattern (tingible body macrophages) |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs in the bones of Multiple Myeloma |
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Term
| Hodgkin disease, lymphocyte depletion |
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Definition
| Least common form. Abundant RS cells and pleomorphic variants. Assc. With EBV |
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Term
| hodgkin disease, lymphocyte predominant |
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Definition
| Uncommon (~5%). RS variant - L+H cell. 3-5% of these transform into diffuse Large B-cell Lymphomas |
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Term
| hodgkin disease, mixed cellularity |
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Definition
| ~25%. Plentiful classic RS cells. Diffuse effacement of nodes by a heterogenous cellular infiltrate |
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Term
| hodgkin disease, nodular sclerosis |
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Definition
| Most common form (65-75%). Only one that is F>M. Lacunar cells. Stage I and II most common. Excellent prognosis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Clinical presentation of SLL |
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Term
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Definition
| Considered to the the true neoplastic element in HD - Owl like nuclei |
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Term
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Definition
| Single LN region or extralymphatic site - Absence of: Significant fever, Night sweats, and Unexplained weight loss of >10% body weight |
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Term
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Definition
| Single LN region or extralymphatic site - presence |
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Term
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Definition
| 2+ LN regions on same side of diaphragm or limited contiguous extralymphatic tissue - Absence |
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Term
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Definition
| 2+ LN regions on same side of diaphragm or limited contiguous extralymphatic tissue - Presence |
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Term
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Definition
| LN regions on both side of the diaphragm, may include spleen and/or extralymphatic site - Ab |
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Term
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Definition
| LN regions on both side of the diaphragm, may include spleen and/or extralymphatic site - Pr |
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Term
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Definition
| Multiple disseminated foci of 1 or more extralymphatic tissues with or without lymphatic involvement (tell Tiny Tim I won't be commin home for Christmas) - Ab |
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Term
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Definition
| Multiple disseminated foci of 1 or more extralymphatic tissues with or without lymphatic involvement (tell Tiny Tim I won't be commin home for Christmas) - Pr |
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Term
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Definition
| Cardiac Troponis are found in serum within 4 hrs. of AMI |
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Term
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Definition
| Max time Cardiac Troponin T will remain in serum |
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Term
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Definition
| Max time CK-MB will remain in serum |
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Term
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Definition
| Specific for Cardiac muscle, found in serum within 4 hrs. of AMI, remains elevated ~10-14 days. Can be found in pts with angina-at-rest (inc. risk for AMI) |
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Term
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Definition
| High sensitivity marker for acute inflammation and infiltration. Potential new marker for AMI |
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Term
| Creatine Kinase, total (CK) |
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Definition
| Glance over - Can elevate for many different reasons: MI, Muscular dystrophy, Exercise, IM injections, Acute psycotic reactions/seizures, Crush injuries |
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Term
| Creatine Kinase, MB fraction (CK-MB) |
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Definition
| Cardiac muscle, small amounts in skeletal muscle. Elevated in serum 4-8 hrs. peak 12-24 hrs. The hey usefulness of this test is SERIAL TESTING. Not the fastest nor most specific |
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Term
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Definition
| Small particle consisting of ~50% protein and ~20% cholesterol. Apo A is major protein component |
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Term
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Definition
| Chromasome 19 mutation - primary hyperlipoproteinemia. 50% fewer receptors, 2-3x increase in cholesterol, inc. LDL synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| Chromasome 19 mutation - primary hyperlipoproteinemia. Virtually no normal receptors, 5-6x increase in total cholesterol |
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Term
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Definition
| ~50% of lipoprotein mass in plasma. Over half it's mass is lipids. Apo B is the major protein |
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Term
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Definition
| Elevated within 2 hrs. of AMI. Rapis renal clearance T1/2 4 hrs. Low specificity |
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Term
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Definition
| Clinical feature of Familial hypercholesterolemia (primary hyperlipoproteinemia). Nodular lesions on the extensor surface of the forearm, ACHILLES TENDON, tendons of hand |
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