Term
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Definition
| the movement of the tide out to sea; “the tide was on the ebb”; “the ebb tide” |
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Definition
| The incoming or rising tide; the period between low water and the succeeding high water |
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Definition
| A measure of the turnover time for fresh water in an estuary. |
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Term
| What are Jamaica Bay Resources? |
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Definition
•Recreational resource
•Wildlife preserve
•Part of the Atlantic flyway
•Rich in habitat
•Important to fisheries |
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Term
| In the early day of Jamaica Bay what was the bay like? |
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Definition
*its was used for Rereaction
-Rockaway Beach&fishing shanties
*Processing
-oil, fertilizer& fish wastse
*Refuse disposal
-Barren Island
-Pennsylvania Ave. landfill
-Fountain Ave. landfill
-Edgemere landfill
*Fertilizer production
-dead hourses and other another |
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Term
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Definition
| means low oxygen and is primarily a problem for estuaries and coastal waters. Hypoxic waters have dissolved oxygen concentrations of less than 2-3 ppm. Hypoxia can be caused by a variety of factors, including excess nutrients, primarily nitrogen and phosphorus, and waterbody stratification due to saline or temperature gradients |
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Term
| What about eutrophication? |
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Definition
| promote algal growth. As dead algae decompose, oxygen is consumed in the process, resulting in low levels of oxygen in the water.” - Mississippi River Basin |
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Term
| What are the 2 species of sea grass in Jamaica Bay? |
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Definition
*Spartina alternaflora
-Interior of bay
*Phrapmites austraslis
-Fringes of bay
**20% of bay is wetlands |
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Term
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Definition
*Altered circulation-induced stratification
*Elimination of shellfish harvesting
*Restrictions on swimming
*Restrictions on recreation
*Alteration to topography
*Loss of wetwetlands
*Loss of eel grass
*Eutrophication
*Alterations in drainage
*Reduction of faunal diversity
*Hardened shorelines
*Dredged channels
*Health advisories for striped bass, bluefish, American eel, blue crabs. |
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Term
| How do you study what you can not see? |
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Definition
*Submersibles
*Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs)
*Autonomous Benthic Explorer (ABE)
*Satellite Altimetry
*Tracks |
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Term
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Definition
-Manned submersibles capable of
horizontal and vertical travel
Alvin-Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute ~4,500 meters |
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Term
| Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs) |
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Definition
unmanned, piloted from onboard a ship
~6,000 meters |
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Term
| Autonomous Benthic Explorer (ABE) |
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Definition
unmanned, untethered vehicle
~6,000 meters |
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Term
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Definition
| using satellites, can measure the height of this bulge |
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Term
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Definition
as these satellites pass over the Earth they are continuously recording data
- data from4.5 years of GeoSat measurements have been coded and converted |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Echo from within sediments |
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Definition
| seismics or subbottoms reflection |
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Term
| What factors control development Coastlines? |
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Definition
-Geological Setting
*provides exiting sufaces for processes to shape
-Sea Level
*moves position of the shoreline across the continental shelf
-Waves
*long-shore transport, shorelineline straightening
-Tides
*directs sediment onshore/offshore |
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Term
| What do geologists want to know about the ocean bottom? |
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Definition
-Depth
-Sediments (composition, thickness, history)
-Rocks below sediments (age, composition)
-Processes controlling the above |
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Term
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Definition
- Echo sounding
- Multibeam system
- Satellite altimetry
*Backscatter
*Coring
*Submersibles(but these can cover only only tiny area) |
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Term
| Sounds bounces off layers in sediment to show structure |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Wegener identified several lines of evidence to support the idea that the continents had drifted |
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Term
| Evidence for continental drift |
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Definition
*Matching mountain ranges across oceans
*Glacial ages and climate evidence
*Distribution of fossils such as
-Mesosaurus and Lystrosaurus |
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Term
| Why did people not believe Alfred Wegener and continental drift? |
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Definition
*Wegener did not provide a plausible mechanism to explain how the continents could have drifted apart
*Most Earth scientists rejected continental drift because it was
-Too far-fetched
-Contrary to the laws of physics |
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Term
| 1. Continents “_____” ______ than _____ crust as made of _______ rock |
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Definition
float, higher
Ocean, lighter |
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Term
| Ridge crest “_________” oceanic crust forming ________ _____ |
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Definition
| splitting, mid-ocean ridge |
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Term
| 3. When ocean crust meets continent, is forced under creating ______ and _________ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
A passive margin is the transition between oceanic and continental crust which is not an active plate margin
-Very stable setting |
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Term
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Definition
In plate tectonics, a convergent boundary also known as a destructive plate boundary (because of subduction)
-Very unstable setting |
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Term
| Where are active and passive margins? |
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Definition
Passive margin- eastern North America
Active margin- western Central America
-convergent margin |
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Term
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Definition
| interaction of river discharge &coastal processes |
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Term
| What kinds of coasts are there? |
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Definition
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Term
Is the location of a coast fixed?
How do you shape the coast? |
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Definition
it depends on the volume of ocean basin (amount of water in the ocean)
-Shape depends on: uplift/subsidence, erosion, sediment transport |
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Term
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Definition
larger zone affected by processes occurring in this boundry
includes-marshes, dunes, cliffs, sand bars troughs |
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Term
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Definition
point at which the ocean meets the land
example: sandy beach |
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Term
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Definition
"young" coast dominated by terrestrial influences
-Altered by erosion (non-wave), sediment deposition, volcanism, tectonics
-Land erosion coasts are frequently formed when a river valley floods (drowned valleys)
-Chesapeake Bay, Hudson River valley
-Also get this with glacial fjords |
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Term
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Definition
older coasts significantly altered by wave & other ocean processes
-significantly altered by wave, current, & tidal action
-a variety of features, the most common being a beach |
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Term
| Erosional coasts (4 points) |
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Definition
-Steep cliffs created as waves undercut rocks (caves, blow-holes, etc).
*Harder rock more resistant to erosion.
-Initially coasts are irregular but straighten with time
-At times of low sea level, rivers may have cut valleys. As these flood during higher sea-level,can make harbors, fjords, estuaries
*Formed by erosion.
-Volcanism can create coasts, often with steep cliffs |
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Term
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Definition
| a zone of loose particles (boulders, cobble, pebbles, gravel, sand, silt) that covers all or part of a shore. Particles are contantly moving. |
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Term
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Definition
| vegetation, sea cliff, dune, seawall |
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Term
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Definition
| where sediment movement onshore/offshore ceases (about 10 m below sea level at low tide) |
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Term
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Definition
| Longshore drift consists of the transport of sediments (generally sand but may also consist of coarser sediments such as gravels) |
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Term
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Definition
| Sediment being carried along shore settles out as water reaches end of barrier and slows |
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Term
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Definition
| sand spit closes off a bay by attaching to headland adjacent to bay |
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Term
| 4 Services Coasts Provide |
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Definition
1)Protection
-storm protection (marshs, barrier islands)
2)Provisions
-fish, shellfish, transportation (goods&waste)
3)Recreaction
-boating, swimming, fishing etc.
4)Function Regulating
-nutrient recycling, (O2 rich water) |
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Term
| Major Ions in Seawater (6) |
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Definition
1.Na+ 4.Ca+
2.Cl- 5.K+
3.SO4-2 6.Mg2+ |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| from Crest(A) to Crest (B) |
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Term
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Definition
| the lowest point in a wave |
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Term
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Definition
| the highest point in a wave |
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Term
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Definition
| how many waves pass point A or point Beach second |
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Term
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Definition
| the time required for wave crest at point A to reach point B |
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Term
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Definition
| of an individual water molecule at water surface |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
graptivy=g depth=h
Shallow Water Waves (speed) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| distance the wind blows over a body of water that has a force effect |
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Term
what is the freezeing point of...
1.Freshwater
2.Saltwater |
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Definition
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Term
| What is CTD/Condtivity Temp Depth used for? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 types of Detlas? |
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Definition
-River dominated deltas (Mississippi)
-Wave dominated deltas (San Francisco)
-Tide dominated deltas (Ganges) |
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Term
| List 3 ways to stop erosion |
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Definition
-gronies
-sea wall
-beach nutrishment |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Conservative vs. Non-coservative |
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Definition
Conservative vs. Non-coservative
CFCs Nutrients
3He Dissolved O2 |
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Term
_______________________
| CaCO3
| ||
| || Dissolved
| \ /
| V
|......................lysocline
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|_______________Carbate Compensation
Depth (No CaCO3)
Explain this... |
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Definition
| Carbate Compensation Depth the Depth at which there would be no more CaCO3 (like a snow capped moutain) |
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Term
| Terrestrial vs Marine Environments (4points) |
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Definition
1. Seawater is much denser then air
-organisms floats
2.Seawater strongly absorbs light
-most of the light is gone below 100m
3.Gravity
-because of bouyancy organisms do not have to invest as much energy
4.O2 can be limiting in marine environments |
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Term
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Definition
| occur when the sun and moon are directly in line with the earth and their gravitational pulls reinforce |
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Term
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Definition
| A tide that occurs when the difference between high and low tide is least; the lowest level of high tide. Neap tide comes twice a month, in the first and third quarters of the moon. |
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Term
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Definition
| A tide in which there is only one high water and one low water each lunar day |
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Term
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Definition
| A tide having two high waters and two low waters during a tidal day. |
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Term
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Definition
amount of element in the ocean /
rate at which the element is added to or removed from the ocean |
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Term
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Definition
| closest to long island = North America |
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Term
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Definition
| The upper layer of a body of water receiving light and thus where photosynthesis is possible |
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Term
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Definition
Malthus
-famine
-war
-disease |
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Term
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Definition
- varies as a function of latitude
- deflectionis to the light in northern hemisphere |
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Term
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Definition
- 45* angle
- wind force
- friction
- upwelling/downwelling |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of motion found in the near-surface layer of lakes and oceans under windy |
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Term
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Definition
| norwegean/oceanographer/peace prize |
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Term
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Definition
-Mixing
-photosynthesis
-Adection |
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Term
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Definition
1. Fringing Reef
2. Barrier Reef
3. Atolls |
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