Term
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Definition
| Certain small fish - planktonic stage |
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Definition
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Definition
active swimmers, ex. fish, sea turtle
Incapable of sustained, direct horizontal movement |
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Definition
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Definition
about 47% of global primary production
only 0.2% of the earth's biomass |
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Term
Eukaryotes: Division Chromophyta
Class bacillariophyceae (Diatoms) |
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Definition
Important in coastal areas and spring blooms
Require silicon; silica frustule |
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Term
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Definition
Usually marine form
Radial symmetry |
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Term
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Definition
Usually shallow and freshwater form
Bilateral symmetry |
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Term
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Definition
Single-celled
2 flagellae
Bioluminuscent
Harmful algal blooms
6-8 million/l |
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Term
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Definition
Red tides
Toxic
Can cause fish kills
When they are very abundant:
1. Shading (blocking the sunlight)
2. Oxygen depletion (excessive respiration or decomposition)
3. Mechanical irritation (damaging fish kills) |
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Term
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Definition
SI based
Made of silica
Round - usually water column
Pennate - Usually benthic (on the bottom) |
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Term
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Definition
Dino=whip
Made of cellulose
Some photosynthesize
Some eat other phytoplankton
Some live symbiotically with other organisms (Dinoflagellates in corals. Coral bleaching: Dinoflagellates leave) |
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Term
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Definition
Made of calcium carbonate
Plates on them called coccoliths. 10-100 of them
Coccolithophores make milky water: Huge blooms. Control their own population with gas clouds
White cliffs of Dover made of coccolithophores |
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Term
| Too much of a good thing (phytoplankton) |
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Definition
1. Shading (blocking the sunlight)
2. Oxygen depletion (excessive respiration of decomposition)
3. Mechanical irritation (damaging fish gills) |
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Term
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Definition
is naturally-occuring, higher-than-normal concentration of the microscopic algae Karenia brevis (formerly gymnodinium breve)
Produces a toxin that affects the central nervous system of fish so that they are paralyzed and cannot breathe. As a result, red tide blooms often result in dead fish washing up on beaches. When red tide algae reproduce in dense concentrations or "blooms," they are visible as discolored patches of ocean water, often reddish in color
Red tide affects human in more than one way. Red tide can cause respiratory problems, rashes, and irritation of the eyes, nose, throat, lips, and mouth. |
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Term
| Other classification of plankton |
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Definition
Holoplankton - Entire lives as plankton (phytoplankton etc.)
Meroplankton - Part of their lives as plankton, juvenile or larval stages
Macroplankton - Large floaters such as jellyfish or Sargassum
Picoplankton - Very small floaters such as bacterioplankton |
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Term
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Definition
-On the bottom (epifauna)
-Within the bottom sediments (infauna)
Some organisms cross from one lifecycle to another during their life, for example being planktonic early in life and benthic |
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Term
| Classification by habitat and mobility |
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Definition
Plankton (floaters)
Nekton (swimmers)
Benthos (Bottom dwellers) |
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Term
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Definition
1,750,000 world species
86% land species
14% marine species
250,000 marine:
98% benthic
2% Pelagic
The reason in the book: The marine world is more stable - more unstable = more areas to adopt to |
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Term
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Definition
| Organic matter synthesized from inorganic substances |
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Term
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Definition
Producing organic matter from carbon dioxide and water using light energy
Carbon dioxide + Water + Light --> Organic matter + Oxygen
6CO2 + 6H2O + Light --> C6H12=6 + 6O2
Photosynthesis consumes CO2 and produces O2 |
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Term
| What limits primary production in the ocean? |
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Definition
| Most common limiting factors: Light and Nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
Euphotic (eu=good) - rarely deeper than 100m; photosynthesis takes place
Disphotic = euphotis to 1000m;small but measurable amounts of light
Aphotic = dark
Penetration of different wavelengths
PAR: Photosynthetic active radiation (400-700nm)
45% 1m down
16% 10m down
1% 100m down - Called the one percent light level |
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Term
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Definition
Carbon: important but abundant in seawater
Nitrate (NO3-), Nitrite (NO2-), Ammonium (NH4+)
Phosphate (PO4 3-)
Silicate (SiO4)
106CO2 + 16NO3- + PO4 3- + 122H20 + 19H+ + Light
--> (CH20)106(NH2)16(H3PO4) + 138O2
Redfield ratio: C:N:P = 106:16:1 (in phytoplankton) |
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Term
Justus von Liebig
"Father of pertilizer industry" |
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Definition
1803-1873
Leibig's law of the minimum (for oceans):
Phytoplankton growth is determined by the response of the phytoplankton to the single factor that is most limiting
These factors include N, P, Fe, Si and other trace materials |
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Term
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Definition
Euphotic zone: Photosynthesis > Respiration
Compensation depth
Export: Marine snow
Aggregates
Fecal pellets
Photosynthesis < Respiration |
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Term
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Definition
Organic matter + O2 --> CO2 + NO3 + PO4 + H2O
Respiration (remineralization, regeneration, degradiation)
-Consume oxygen
Produces carbon dioxide
-Regenerate nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
Oxygen minimization layer - depleted by photosynthesis
Nutrient maximum - remineralization
Down in ocean: Nutrient remain high, O2 high - decause its replenished with hight oxygen cold water from polar regions |
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Term
| Vertical distribution of nutrients |
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Definition
| Depleted in surface water, abundant in deep water |
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Term
| Primary production by phytoplankton |
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Definition
CO2 enter the ocean
Nutrients adds
Goes to phytoplankton
50 times more inorganic carbon in the global ocean than in the atmosphere |
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Term
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Definition
Cold water hold more gas, CO2 enter the ocean at the pole
Water sinks into the deep ocean layer
Rises to the surface at the equator and outgasses |
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Term
| Gas exchange allows CO2 to enter ocean |
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Definition
-Flux depends upon air-sea CO2 difference
-Solubility increases in cold water (polar region are sinks, equatorial sources) |
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Term
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Definition
Combined biological processes which transfer organic matter and associated elements to depth - pathway for rapid C sequestration
Quickly remove C from surface ocean &atm |
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Term
| What controls carbon export? |
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Definition
Biological pump and the ocean C sink- an inverted pyramid
Carbon uptake
Carbon flux - 100m
Farbon flux 1000m
Carbon burial |
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Term
| What controls algal primary productivity? |
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Definition
Temperature
Light (via solar angle and or mixing
Major nutrients (N, P, Silica)
Grazing
Micro-nutrients (Iron) |
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Term
| What are minor nutrients? |
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Definition
| Iron (Fe), Zinc (Zn)..... |
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Term
| Vertical profiles of elements in the north pacific ocean |
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Definition
| Fe and Zn profiles are similar to those of the major nutrients (depleted in the surface, abundant in the deep), unlike Na & Cl |
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Term
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Definition
Since algal growth is limited by the resource that is in smallest supply relative to its needs, it was hypothesized by John Martin that iron was limiting phytoplankton growth in open-ocean environments
"give me a half a tanker of iron, and I will give you an ice age" |
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Term
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Definition
Enrich a small area of the ocean by adding iron along with an inert and sensitive tracer
Follow what happens through time by ship-board measurements and satellite observations
Experiments have been to date conducted in the equatorial pacific (2), north atlantic (1) and southern ocean (4)
Varying responses have been seen...
Sometimes plankton bloom, sometimes they don't
However, little or no increase in carbon expert was observed
IronEx-1: No phytoplankton biomass increase, rapid increase in photosynthetic capacity
IronEx-2: Increase in biomass, productivity
EisenEx: Small increase, but then a storm came
SOIREE: Clear increase, long-lived effects, unusual iron chemistry
SEEDS: massive bloom
SOFeX: Small bloom |
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Term
So what does it all mean?
Possible side effects
Why does this matter? |
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Definition
Twelve small-scale experiments over the past decate in several ocean locations consistently showed that intentional iron additions do result in phytoplankton blooms
Previous studies of artificial and natural blooms have shown wholesale changes in the species that make up the two lowest links of the marine food chain - phytoplankton and the bacteria that feed on them
Phytoplankton are the base of the food chain - change them and you could see repercussions all the way up the food chain..so is this good or bad? |
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Term
| Other possible side effect |
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Definition
When a plankton bloom runs its course and the organic material that is produced sinks to deeper waters, the resulting bonanza and decomposition uses up oxygen in the water
Dead zone formation:
1. Fresh water runoff create barrier, cutting off saltier water below from contact with the air
2. Nitrogen and phosphorous from fertilizer in the freshwater layer ignite huge algae bloom. they die and sink to the saltier water below.
3. Starved of oxygen and cut off from resupply, the deeper water becomes a dead zone. Fish avoid the area or die in massive number |
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Term
| SeaStar satellite/SeaWiFS view of ocean chlorophyll and land vegetation |
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Definition
Most along equator and in north/south, less right next to equator
Upwelling areas: California, Peru, south Africa, canary islands, west coast of Australia
Therefore, very productive areas
Cooler, deeper seawater |
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Term
| regional primary productivity |
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Definition
Varies from very low to very high depending on: Distribution of nutrients and seasonal changes in solar radiation
About 90% of surface biomass decomposed in surface ocean
About 10% sinks to deeper ocean
Only 1% of organic matter not decomposed in deep ocean
Biological pump (CO2 and nutrients to sea floor sediments) |
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Term
Primary productivity
Polar oceans |
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Definition
Nutrients are abundant due to vertical mixing
Limited by sunlight: darkness for winter months
Partly covered by sea ice
Most diatom biomass in April/May, slowly decreasing until jan, then faster increasing
Most zooplankton biomass in aug, faster decreasing until Dec, then slow increasing |
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Term
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Definition
Availability of sunlight
High nutrients due to upwelling of north atlantic deep water
-no thermocline
-no barrier to vertical mixing |
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Term
| tropical ocean productivity |
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Definition
Permanent and strong thermocline is barrier to vertical mixing
Low rate primary productivity (lack of nutrients)
High primary productivity in areas of
Equatorial upwelling
Coastal upwelling
Coral reefs (Symbiotic algae and recycle nutrients within the ecosystem) |
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Term
Short essay question
Primary productivity
Polar oceans: |
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Definition
Nutrients are abundant due to vertical mixing
Limited by sunlight: darkness for winter months
Partyly covered by sea ice
Diatom biomass peaks in spring, slowly decreases, then rapidly increasing
Zooplankton peaks in early summer, then rapidly goes down
Know how to draw the diagram |
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Term
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Definition
Strong and permanent thermocline
Production is limited by lack of nutrients
Exceptions: Equatorial upwelling, coastal upwelling, coral reefs (organisms are adapted to low-nutrient conditions and recycle nutrients) |
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Term
| Seasonal Thermocline development |
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Definition
Stratification: Feb-Aug
De-stratification: Sept-Dec |
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Term
| Primary productivity in temperate oceans |
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Definition
Winter: Lowest sunlight, highest nutrients
Spring: Increasing sunlight, decreasing nutrients
Summer: Highest sunlight, lowest nutrients
Fall: Decreasing sunlight, increasing nutrients
Spring bloom:
Abundant nutrients due to vertical mixing in water
Higher solar energy available
Stratification traps algae in the euphotic zone
Spring bloom dies as nutrients become depleted and phytoplankton is consumed by zooplankton
Fall bloom:
Nutrients come back due to break down of thermocline
Short
Not as dramatic as spring bloom |
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Term
| Primary productivity in temperate oceans |
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Definition
Winter: Lowest sunlight, highest nutrients
Spring: Increasing sunlight, decreasing nutrients
Summer: Highest sunlight, lowest nutrients
Fall: Decreasing sunlight, increasing nutrients
Spring bloom:
Abundant nutrients due to vertical mixing in water
Higher solar energy available
Stratification traps algae in the euphotic zone
Spring bloom dies as nutrients become depleted and phytoplankton is consumed by zooplankton
Fall bloom:
Nutrients come back due to break down of thermocline
Short
Not as dramatic as spring bloom |
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Term
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Definition
| Yearly fluctuations in different types of fish is due to if they match the blooms or not |
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Term
Primary productivity
Aquatic vs Terrestrial |
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Definition
60% of global production is in oceanic water
Picoplankton can contribute |
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Term
| Algae-supported biotic community |
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Definition
Sun
Radiant energy (sun)---> Producers (sea grass)
Chemical energy --> Fish
Fish (consumer)---> Heat energy ..... |
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Term
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Definition
Nutrients cycled form one chemical form to another
Biogeochemical cycling
Example, nutrients fixed by producers
Passed onto consumers
Some nutrients released to seawater through decomposers
Nutrients can be recycled through upwelling |
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Term
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Definition
Producers - Herbivores - Carnivores
Chemical energy transferred from producers to consumers
Also lose energy
Feeding stage is trophic level
About 10% of energy transferred to next trophic level |
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Term
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Definition
Transfer of energy is very inefficient
One exception: Sunlight to phytoplankton: 2%
500,000 units of radiant energy-->10,000 unites of plankton --> 1000 units of lever 2 --> 100 units of small fish --> 10 units of fish --> 1 unit of radiant energy equivalent converted to human mass |
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Term
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Definition
Three orders:
1. Carnivora
1a Pinniped
2. Sirenia
3. Cetacea
3a Odontoceti
3b Mysticeti
Definition of mammal
1. Warm blooded
2. Breathe air
3. Have hair or fur at some stage of development
Bear live young
5. Females have mammary glands that produce milk
Approximately 116 species of marine mammals |
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Term
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Definition
Prominent canine teeth
Skin covered flippers
Examples:
Sea otters (no blubber, dense fur, eat various shellfish and crustaceans, kelp beds)
Polar bears - Webbed paws, thick and hollow hair, eats mainly seals |
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Term
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Definition
Short fur
Vibrissae
For flippers
All of them are very social, although to varying degrees
Examples:
Seals
Sea lions
Fur seals |
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Term
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Definition
Sea lion and fur seal
Small slim head
External ear flaps
Long and wing-like front flippers, usually hairless, no noticable nails
Hind flippers: Large and paddlelike, ahirless, webbed
Seal
Tiny ear holes, no ear flaps
Short and blunt front flippers, covered with hair, clawlike nails on digits
Hind flippers: Short and paddlelike, covered with hair, nails on all digits
Walruses
m/f have tusks (1m)
Eat benthic organisms
Sensitive hearing
Sea lions (and fur seals) vs. seals
Have external ear flaps
Longer flippers (they can awkwardly walk)
Almost non-existent claws/nails
California sea lion
Opportunistic feeders
Found in the western pacific (California and south to the Galapagos)
Incredibly common (found in groups of hundereds)
Harbor seals
Shy and quiet
Only social during mating and resting
Likes to haul out on sandy beaches or on small rocks
Haul out in large groups
Found all over the world
Eat mostly fish
Seals on the cape
Harbor seal
Grey seal
Elephant seals
There are two species: Northern and southern
Bulls - 16ft (5m) and 6,000lb
Cows - Measure about 10ft (3m) and 2,000lb
The largest known bull elephant seal weighted 5000 kg (11,000lb) and measured 6.9m (22.5ft) in length
This makes elephant seal the largest member of the order Carnivora
Southern elephant seal
Males up to 3000-4500kg
Very aggressive
Dive to 1900m
Leopard seal
Second largest species of seal in the Antarctic (after the southern elephant seal), and is near the top of the antarctic food chain
Highly evolved for its role as keystone predator
Shallow water hunter
They do not dive deep
Northern fur seal
Found throughout the northern pacific
Solitary, except when mating or nursing their young
Remain in the water except for mating
Eats most types of fish
Have extremely long hind flippers
Only 15 in captivity
Walruses
Neither seal nor sea lion, they have their own group
Found in the arctic, on shallow-water ice floes
Have tusks up to 1m long
Males can grow about 3m long
Usually reddish to a pale grey
Feed mostly on echinoderms |
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Term
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Definition
Manatees - Coastal areas of tropical atlantic ocean
Dugongs - Tropical indian and western pacific ocean
The only vegetarian marine mammal; shallow water grasses
Florida/Antillean/west african/amazonian manatee |
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Term
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Definition
Elongated (telescope skull)
Blowholes on top of their skull
Very few hairs
Horizontal tail fin
Swim fast because the elongated body and their skin
Deep diving |
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Term
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Definition
Prominent teeth
Complex and long lived social groups
One blowhole
Best sound developments
Good vision - but uses echolocation |
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Term
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Definition
Suborder: Odontoceti - teeth (spade shaped), single blow hole
Family delphinidae
Risso dolphin - no beak
Bottlenose dolphin
Common dolphin: Slender, not robust, distinct side markings, defined break, often travel in huge herds (1000+), Beak, Pronounced, curved fin |
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Term
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Definition
Suborder: Odontoceti - teeth (spade shaped), single blow hole
Family Phocoenidae
No beak, small and rounded head, well... |
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Term
| There are two types of chemical weathering, name one: |
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Definition
| Congruent and incongruent |
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Term
Photosynthesis
Respiration |
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Definition
Photosynthesis: CO2 + Light + nutrients --> O2 + Organic matter
Respiration: O2 + Organic matter (C:N:P, 106:16:1, Redfieldz) --> CO2 + Nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
Macro nutrient: N, P -needed in higher amount
Micro nutrient: Fe, Zn -needed in lower amount |
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Term
| Where O2 is lowest and nutrients highest |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| No dominant process in the deep ocean, so the nutrient concentration stays high. O2 increases because warm water from the equator goes up to the poles, gets cold, holds a lot of O2 and sinks down and back to the equator. (Also lower respiration rates) |
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Term
| : Congruent weathering results in |
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Definition
| A) Rib tides B) Dissolved ions C) Erosion D) All of the above |
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Term
| Congruent vs Incongruent Weathering |
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Definition
Congruent weathering
Dissolved ions
Incongruent weathering
Dissolved iond + particles |
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Term
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Definition
Wind, water, pressure, temperature, precipitation, animals
Surface area increases |
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Term
Plankton
Holoplankton
Meroplankton |
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Definition
Plankton
"Aimless wanderer"
(Opposite: Nektons "active swimmers")
Holoplankton
Entire life as plankton
Meroplankton
Part of life as plankton |
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Term
| QUESTION: The Redfieldz ratio is |
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Definition
| 1) 106 carbon:15N:12 2) 601:61:1 3)106 carbon:16N:1P: 4) Who cares |
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Term
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Definition
| Fe increase phytoplankton growth, and eventually increase CO2 drawdown in the ocean |
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Term
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Definition
| There are different ones, which is dominent, what forces causes them. Know the bigger picture: Neap, spring, lunar day |
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Term
| Animals of the pelagic environment |
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Definition
Phytoplankton live in the sunlit surface waters; therefore...many marine animals live there too!
Pelagic organisms live suspended in seawater and comprise a VAST majority of the ocean's biomass
Biomass - The mass of living organisms
Pelagic organisms tend to be more dense and have less surface area to volume per unit of body mass, so they tend to sink more rapidly than phytoplankton. |
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Term
| How do pelagic marina animals remain in the water column? |
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Definition
-Containers of gas
-Soft bodies, void of high density hard parts
-Swim |
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Term
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Definition
Range in size - microscopic (ex. copepod) to large (ex. jellyfish)
Copepod has a hard shell or test
Larger (ex. jellyfish) has soft gelatinous bodies
Collectively called zooplankton
Comprise second largest biomass in the ocean
Most are herbivores, some are omnivores |
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Term
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Definition
Radiolaria illustration from the Challenger expedition 1873-1876
Amoeboid protozoa
Productive intricate skeletons (made of silica)
Found throughout the ocean
Skeletal remains cover large portions of the ocean floor (known as radiolarian ooze)
Rapid turn-over of species |
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Term
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Definition
Most abundant - Planktic
Most diverse - Benthic
Shells made of calcium carbonate |
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Term
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Definition
Group of small crustaceans
Every sea and almost all freshwater habitats
Constitute the biggest source of protein in the oceans
Many species are planktonic, but more are benthic
Some continental species may live in limno-terrestial habitats and other wet ....
Extremely numerous...
In fact, they are one of the most numerically dominant types of multicelled organisms on the planet |
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Term
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Definition
Air is about 1000x less dense than water at sea level
Rigid gas container and swim bladder --> neutral buoyancy
Amount of air in their bodies regulates density, so they can remain at a particular depth |
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Term
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Definition
Chambered shell
Internal chambered structured
Pressure in shell - air at atmosphere
Therefore, must stay above 500m or its shell will collapse |
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Term
| Osteichthyes - Bony fishes |
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Definition
Has bones
Has a swim bladder
Has gill covers
Has scales
Is the largest class of vertebrates in existence today
1. Ray-finned fish (Actinopterygii) - 95% of all fish
2. Lobe-finned fish (Sacropterygii) |
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Term
| Condricthyes - Cartilaginous fishes |
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Definition
No bones
No swim bladder
5-7 gill open gill slits
No scales
Three main types:
Sharks
Rays
Chimaeras
Sharks and rays called elasmobran.... |
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Term
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Definition
Also called swim bladder or fish maw
Low density
Adjustable
Most ostei... (bony fish)
Lost secondarily in some species |
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