Term
| What are four different ways to sample sediment? |
|
Definition
| Grab Samplers, Cores, Drilling, Seismic Reflection |
|
|
Term
| What are grab samplers? what are their limitations? |
|
Definition
they get the surface material of the ocean floor (upper 6 inches).
limitations: no history, depth, mixing up the years. relatively low budget. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| They go down deeper than grab samplers into the sea floor. Pipe/tube/cylindrical device. Falls by gravity into the bottom. Gives us a subsurface but still limited depth. Relatively low budget. |
|
|
Term
| What benefit does drilling have to coring/grab samplers? |
|
Definition
| Drilling cores through the rock and goes considerably deeper. |
|
|
Term
| What does seismic reflection tell us? |
|
Definition
| It is a geophysical tool. Tells us about the layering (whether there is sediment or rock, but not specifics of the sediment) |
|
|
Term
| What are the different types of sediment? |
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Definition
| Terrigenous (out of the land), Biogenous (from plant or animal), Hydrogenous/Authigenic (forms in place out of water), Cosmogenous/Extraterrestrial (from space), and Anthropogenic (our waste) |
|
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Term
| What is terrigenous sediment? |
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Definition
| Comes out of the land. Primarily river-born, wind-born dune sand, and cliff erosion. Can be seen from satellite images and detected in the atmosphere. We can blow fine grain silt thousands of miles out to the sea. |
|
|
Term
| What is biogenous sediment? |
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Definition
| Everything that has an origin from a plant or an animal. Can be all the plankton in the surface waters, fish remains, whale remains. Generally not the organism, but the shell/bones/hard parts/vertebrae. Among the most valuable pale-oceanographic tools because they tell us about early life / what it was like / whether it was warm/cool. Lots of info! |
|
|
Term
| What is hydrogenous/Authigenic sediment? What is an example of a hydrogenous formation? |
|
Definition
Forms in place out of the water. Mineral deposits that form in the ocean. For instance, if we evaporate salt water what's left behind is salt.
Manganese nodules: rocks that precipitate out of water with iron, magnesium, and copper.
Form under particular conditions, could be very shallow water (like around the margins of SF bay) but can also be along ocean ridges and rises. |
|
|
Term
| What is cosmogenous sediment? |
|
Definition
| Extraterrestrial: comes from space. Meteoritic dust comes in constantly. People that look for meteorites go to Antarctica because it is all ice and easier to find. |
|
|
Term
| What is anthropogenic sediment? |
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Definition
| Stuff that we have put in the ocean: radioactive waste, sewage sludge. Accumulates in the sediment on the sea floor. |
|
|
Term
| What info do we derive from sediment? |
|
Definition
Processes that generate the grab of sediment (land/ice/rivers/bio?)
Sources -how it got there, where it came from (surface waters, coral reef deposits, wind from sahara) "fingerprinting"
Rate of Sedimentation (how fast has this taken place)
Biological Changes Over Time (species, climate, extinction events)
Anthropogenic Human Input (when we started using led/gas. whats in the atmosphere at certain eras)
Catastrophic Events (asteroid impacts, shifts in climate, glacial cycles) |
|
|
Term
| What about "processes" can we derive from sediment? |
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Definition
| What has gone on in that particular place over time. The process that has generated that core/grab-pull of sediment. Land, ice, rivers, biology? May be a mixture of things, and may change over time. |
|
|
Term
| What about "sources" can we derive from sediment? |
|
Definition
| How it got there, where it came from (surface waters, coral reef deposits in place, wind from the sahara, etc). Different ways to determine source (fingerprinting) |
|
|
Term
| What can we derive about "rate of sedimentation" from sediment? |
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Definition
| How fast this has taken place. The closer we are to shore generally, the faster it accumulates. Off of a major river there is a lot of stuff coming off and building up in inches per year. WAy out in the middle of the South Pacific not close to rivers, glaciers, biological productivity and could be millimeters per thousand years. |
|
|
Term
| what "biological changes over time" can we derive from sediment? |
|
Definition
| new species, climate changes, extinction events |
|
|
Term
| can sediment get subducted in a trench after accumulating from millions of years? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How old are the oldest rocks in the ocean? How old is the earth? |
|
Definition
oldest rocks: 200 million years old.
earth: 4.6 billion years old
A lot of history that isn't recorded in the present oceans because we keep recycling them. Oldest continuous deposits on land are probably in a lake and those are still only thousands of years old. Land does not have the record that the sea floor does. |
|
|
Term
| What about the "anthropogenic human input" can we derive from sediment? |
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Definition
| By looking chemically at the composition of sediments, we can actually see the beginning of led. Use led in gasoline, which goes into the atmosphere, gets washed into the ocean. We can find a date of about 1920 in the sediments. We can find radioactivity from the first nuclear testing. We can see DDT and PCBs and things that humans have put into the environment. |
|
|
Term
| What is the "texture" of sediment? |
|
Definition
Size of the grains (from boulders to cobbles to gravel to coarse sand, medium sand, find silt, clay, and finer).
Tells us about what mechanism delivered that material (can't move gravel with wind, rivers can carry boulders, glaciers can move anything).
Shape (long, rounded). Sorting (how uniform are the particles) depends on what the medium is to transport.
Sand is pretty well sorted, wind is even a better sorting agent. Glaciers will freeze into the rock and pick up everything so glacial debris are poorly sorted. |
|
|
Term
| What do the "structures" of sediment tell us? What are laminations? What is Cross Bedding? |
|
Definition
The relationship between all the individual grains. Coarse material settles first and then gets finer on top (graded bedding)
Laminations: parallel banding (horizontal bedding in layers) --> tells us about change in process over time.
Cross Bedding: when wind and currents deposit sand they can form things like ripples.
Layers/Dunes building up on top of each other is a good indication of wind blown sand |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Something distinct in the sediment that could have only come from a specific source. |
|
|
Term
| What can we tell about chemical composition in sediment? |
|
Definition
| Basic elements, contaminants, isotopes --> tell us things like water temp, ocean conditions, can be really important in determining historical record. |
|
|
Term
| What do fossils in sediment tell us? |
|
Definition
| Tell us something about age, ocean conditions, etc. |
|
|
Term
| What is sand's settling velocity? How many days would it take to settle 4000M (typical deep sea depth)? |
|
Definition
Sand's settling velocity is 2.5 cm/sec
It takes 1.8 days to settle to the ocean floor. |
|
|
Term
| What is silt's settling velocity? How many days would it take to settle 4000M (typical deep sea depth)? |
|
Definition
Silt's settling velocity is 0.025 cm/sec
It would take 185 days to settle 4000M to the deep sea floor. |
|
|
Term
| What is clay's settling velocity? How many days would it take to settle 4000M (typical deep sea depth)? |
|
Definition
Clay's settling velocity is 0.00025 cm/sec
It would take 50 years for clay to settle 4000M |
|
|
Term
| Where do different particle sizes settle throughout the ocean? (sand/silt/clay) |
|
Definition
Along shoreline is where coarse material gets dropped behind (tends to be sand), where the energy is the highest.
Takes silt and clay and goes further off shore. During flood stages, rivers are putting out huge plumes of sediment.
Gradually silt settles out very fine sand) across the shelf.
Gradually clay (REALLY fine) goes for miles or hundreds of miles nad is scattered throughout the world's oceans. |
|
|
Term
| Why might an anomalie happen in which sand finds itself at the outer edge of the shelf? |
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Definition
| The last ice age sea level went down 350-400 feet and the ocean went way out to the edge of the shelf and 10 mi off shore was the beach. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| leftover/old school sediment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What sediment do glaciers carry? |
|
Definition
| Everything, come out as icebergs and melt and drop everything. There would not be a nice even pattern of sand/silt/clay. Over time waves sort out material and even in Antarctica we have some small sand beaches. Patterns won't be as uniform. |
|
|
Term
| Why do they call Mississippi a "birds foot delta"? |
|
Definition
| Not a nice even band. As it comes down into the gulf it has distributaries or individual channels that overlap over time. Pattern won't be nice and smooth but we will get fingers of sediment going out. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stuff that came out of rivers/glaciers that has taken 50 years to settle. Grey, Red, Green clay. Derived from the continents and can move hundreds of miles because it is settling very slowly. Not fertile in terms of biological productivity. From satellites we can see big plumes of clay settling out. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Grated sandy/silty clay sediments found in submarine canyons, in abyssal planes, deep sea fans, large areas that are closer to shore where terrestrial sediments have a route down to the shore. Tend to be closer to the continents. |
|
|
Term
| What are ice rafted sediments? |
|
Definition
| Seattle and North West glaciated during the ice age and gravel and everything came out to the edge of the ice sheet. The NOrth pacific drift would approach the coast line, split half up to Alaska, half down the coast of Oregon carrying chunks of ice south as far as the middle of the Oregon coast. |
|
|
Term
| What are volcanic sediments? |
|
Definition
| When a volcano erupts the ash, debris, and glass can go out for hundreds of miles. Turns all the stuff into little glass-like pieces. We can tell by analyzing it what its general composition is. When it covers the landscape rivers and streams begin to carry it down in sediments/turbidity currents. Provides an instant indicator of where we were in time. |
|
|
Term
| Whats calcareous sediment? |
|
Definition
| Biogenous: Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) --> clams, mussels, planktonic organisms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| floating plants produced in vast quantities (ex. bioluminescent water is a type of phytoplankton: bloom in sping, nutrients form, winter storms have turned over the ocean) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A type of phytoplankton (calcareous/bigenous sediment)
Microscopic plants that photosynthesize that tend to make little plates which will accumulate together and build up on the sea floor. May have been as abundant as anything that has ever lives. Calcium carbonate muds (coccolith oozes of sediment left behind) |
|
|
Term
| What are calcareous zooplankton? what is glubigerina? foramimfera? |
|
Definition
(calcareous/biogenous sediment) Floating animals.
Glubigerina: ooze. type of one celled protozoan that makes a calcium carbonate shell.
foramimfera: one of the most abundant zooplankton and looks almost like a bunch of microscopic golf balls. Have spines and protoplasma that go out and accumulate food. Fed on coccoliths and other tiny plants. Also become limestone and marble. |
|
|
Term
| What is CCD or carbonate compensation depth? |
|
Definition
also called "snow lime"
below 5000 M, calcium carbonate starts to dissolve. Below that layer we get silica. |
|
|
Term
| How do we measure ocean acidification? |
|
Definition
by pH (goes from 0 to 14 on a logarithmic scale)
generally ocean water is slightly basic (around 7 1/2 or 8)
ground water on campus tends to be slightly acidic and dissolves calcium carbonate |
|
|
Term
| How do sinkholes form on land? |
|
Definition
| Ground water (slightly acidic) seeps into the cracks in marble/limestone and carries it off into springs from caves. When the cracks get to the surface, we get a sinkhole from the collapse (common problem on land. |
|
|
Term
| How much carbon dioxide do we produce? How much has gone into the ocean? |
|
Definition
| We produce 525 billion tons of carbon dioxide. 1/3 of that has gone into the ocean at about a million tons an hour. The ocean has about 50 X more carbon dioxide than the atmosphere. If something happens in the ocean and releases that it will have a huge impact. It has changed the chemistry of the ocean and increase pH by about 30% |
|
|
Term
| What happens when carbon dioxide reacts with water? |
|
Definition
Forms carbonic acid (H2CO3) which is a weak acid. That rapidly dissociates to a bicarbonate and that bicarbonate can go back to carbonate. This combines with calcium to go back and form calcium carbonate.
Moral of the story: carbon dioxide is making ocean slightly more acidic, which is messing up the chemistry so calcareous beings are having a hard time grabbing on to it to make their shells. |
|
|
Term
| What are "siliceous" biogenous materials? |
|
Definition
| Make shells out of silica (SiO2). Further from shore where there isn't a lot of river material/glacial material. Not effected the same way as calcareous material. |
|
|
Term
| What are siliceous phytoplankton? |
|
Definition
Diatoms. Some look like Frisbees/plastic pill boxes/long chains. Bloom in huge quantities. Silica shell liek what we make glass out of. In deposits, we get diatomaceous earath (use it for filtering water and abrasives)
form thick deposits. |
|
|
Term
| What are the siliceous zooplankton? |
|
Definition
| Radiolaria: intricate looking (little sphere with antennae), some look like a helmet. Make shells that are indicative of the conditions they formed in and it is the organic matter within these that are the building blocks of oil and natural gas. |
|
|
Term
| What is a threat to coral reefs? |
|
Definition
| Climate change (ocean warming) and Cyamide fishing |
|
|
Term
| What range of temps can corals grow at? |
|
Definition
| 64-86 degrees F or 18-30 C |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When it gets really warm corals expel their algae and the coral dies, so we are left with a white calcium carbonate skeleton. Depends how long the warming episode is to tell how long until they can re colonize. A lot of reefs with no coral now which are increasing in frequency. |
|
|
Term
| How many coral bleaching events were reported between 1876 and 1979? How many between 1979-1990? |
|
Definition
1876-1979: 3 bleaching events
1979-1990: 60 bleaching events |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| temp goes up at months at a time, typically when bleaching takes place. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| El Nino Southern Oscillation. Indicator of pacific climate. Fluctuates over a period of several decades with el nino periods and la nina (less stormy, rainy, moderate climate) periods. A lot of biological phenomena linked to these cycles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sodium cyamide is a broad spectrum poison used for execution, fumigating, and electroplating. IN the 60s there wasa huge market for live fish in restaurants so divers realized by mixing this as powder in squirt bottles, fish would be stunned and they could sell them alive. Also kills the reefs though. |
|
|
Term
| How much of the world's water is salty? How much is fresh? |
|
Definition
97.5% salty, 2.5% fresh.
Of that 2.5%, about 68.7% is in ice camps/glaciers and is not accessible to us. About 30.1% is ground water (beneath the surface in aquaphors, sands, other kinds of rocks). Permafrost (water in rocks/sediments that is permanently frozen) is 0.8%. Surface & Atmospheric water is 0.4%.
Of surface & atmospheric Lakes are 67.4%, soil 12.2%, Wetlands 8.5%, Rivers 1.6%, Biota 0.8%, Atmospheric 9.5% |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Polar (2 hydrogens one oxygen): Hydros lined up at 105 degree angle. High surface tension, dissolves more substances than any other material.
Oil will not dissolve in water (oil not polar, very stable)
Occurs naturally in all three states (solid, liquid, vapor)
Can hold a lot of heat. |
|
|
Term
| What is a calorie? What is the latent heat of vaporization? |
|
Definition
| By definition, 1 calorie is the amount of heat required to raise 1 gram of water 1 degree centigrade. Latent heat of vaporization (amount of heat it takes to evaporate 1 gram of water) → 540 degrees a gram. If we then condense it, we produce that amount of heat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how much heat it takes to melt ice or how much heat we get back when we melt ice to liquid → 90 degrees a gram. |
|
|
Term
| What is the average salinity of ocean water? |
|
Definition
| on average about 3.5%, ranging from 0-25% |
|
|
Term
| Why is ocean water salty? |
|
Definition
Minerals come out of the sea floor
Decrease salinity (things that add more water): precipitation, runoff from rivers or streams, icebergs melting, sea ice melting
Increase salinity: evaporation (leaves salts behind), sea ice forming (as ice freezes in the arctic it will push out salt so they will be concentrated around salt) |
|
|
Term
| Is the equator or the north/south poles more salty? |
|
Definition
| 30 degrees north and south of the equator are high salinity (because of high evaporation). Right along the equator, a little fresher because of rainforests. At North and South poles lower salinity. |
|
|
Term
| As temperature goes up, density goes... |
|
Definition
| down. temp down, density up (inverse) |
|
|
Term
| As salinity goes up, density goes... |
|
Definition
| up. as salinity goes down, density goes down. |
|
|
Term
| As pressure goes up, density goes... |
|
Definition
| up. Density goes down pressure goes down. |
|
|
Term
| What is "permanent thermo cline" |
|
Definition
| (low latitude, tropics) Permanent zone where water temp gradually gets colder: at about 1000 meters temperature is getting cooler, then below that is pretty stable down to the deep sea floor. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (low latitude, tropics): saltier at surface because of evaporation, again decrease as we go deeper to 1000M. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| certain point when circulation changes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ocean has absorbed 30-40% of the carbon dioxide we have produced, made the ocean slightly more acidic. Ocean has 50 X more CO2 than the atmosphere. If even 1-2% of that is release it can double the CO2 in the atmosphere. |
|
|
Term
| what is the most abundant ion in the seawater? how many parts per million / what percent of the ions in the ocean? |
|
Definition
| chlorine - 19,000 parts per million or about 55% of the ions in the water |
|
|
Term
| how many parts per million are sodium ions? what percent of the ocean? |
|
Definition
| sodium: 10,500 parts per million / 30.6% of the ocean |
|
|
Term
| how many parts per million are magnesium ions? what percent of the ocean? |
|
Definition
| magnesium: 1,350 parts per million or 3.8% of the water |
|
|
Term
| how many parts per million are sulfate ions? what percent of the ocean? |
|
Definition
| sulfate: 885 parts per million or 2.5% |
|
|
Term
| how many parts per million are calcium ions? what percent of the ocean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many parts per million are potassium ions? what percent of the ocean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 6 major elements that make up 99.3% of the salt in the major oceans? |
|
Definition
chlorine (55%)
sodium (30.6%)
magnesium (3.8%)
sulfate (2.5%)
calcium (1.1%)
potassium (1%)
always have those percentages no matter what the overall salinity is. has to do with an equilibrium |
|
|
Term
| what is "Residence time" of an element in the ocean? |
|
Definition
| tons of salt in the ocean divided by tons that enter every year by a river/ extracted by going out as minerals and you get years (average time that particular ion will stay in the ocean) |
|
|
Term
| Which elements have long residence times (millions of years) |
|
Definition
Sodium is 210,000,000 years
Magnesium is 12 million years
Potassium is 11 million years |
|
|
Term
| What elements have short residence times and what are their residence times? |
|
Definition
Silicon 8,000 years
Manganese is 700 years
Iron is 140 years
Aluminum is 100 years
More abundant = longer residence time |
|
|
Term
| how long does the average molecule last? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are water softeners? |
|
Definition
| use zeolites to take things out of water. chelates grab things that make water hard. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 97.5% saltwater, 2% in ice, gets rid of salt. Would give us enough water to drink but would not solve agricultural or bathing problems in an emergency |
|
|
Term
| What are the ways to desalinate? |
|
Definition
Evaporation
Freezing (salt squeezed out from crystal structure
Osmosis (passing seawater through a semi-permeable membrane) - most common |
|
|
Term
| For every 30 barrels of oil Saudi Arabia produces, how many go to desalting? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the biggest salination plant that has been approved by the state? how many gallons would it produce |
|
Definition
| Carlsbad - 50 million gallons a day. |
|
|
Term
| How much of the city's water does UCSC use? |
|
Definition
| used 6% and lowered it by 20% when ppl bitched |
|
|
Term
| Santa Cruz uses almost entirely ___ water, Soquel creek uses almost entirely ____ water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sources of santa cruz water (and percents) |
|
Definition
San Lorenzo River (47%)
North Coast Stream -3 streams out of Bonny Dune, good water, built in 1890s (32%)
Loch Lomon - main storage reservoir (17%)
Wells (4%) |
|
|
Term
| Uses of water in santa cruz? |
|
Definition
Single Resident 40%
Multiple Resident 23%
Business/Industrial 26%
Park/Land 9% |
|
|
Term
| How many total gallons of water does California use per day? Central Coast? Santa Cruz? |
|
Definition
California: 1926 gallons
Central Coast: 154 gallons
Santa Cruz: 113 gallons |
|
|
Term
| How many gallons per resident a day does california consume? central coast? santa cruz? |
|
Definition
California: 133 gallons
Central Coast: 109 gallons
Santa Cruz: 67 gallons |
|
|
Term
| What are four ways we battle the fact that we don't have enough water? |
|
Definition
Conservation
Rationing
New Sources: desalination
Recycling: done on a global scale |
|
|
Term
| Arguments against desalination |
|
Definition
Expensive
Not energy efficient
Marine life impacts |
|
|
Term
| What marine life impacts does desalination cause? |
|
Definition
Intake:
Impingement (heating up water, sucks water through screens and anything small that gets sucked up to these screens is going to die). Moss landing uses 1 billion gallons per day and santa cruz would be sucking in 5 million gallons a day. 10-20% of the larvae from that area are lost. Entire populations won't be destroyed and total impact is not that high.
Outflow: half of the water becomes fresh, the other half becomes doubly salty. Not that much of a problem when put back into water. |
|
|
Term
| how many billion barrels of oil and water do we use per year to make plastic bottles? |
|
Definition
18 billion gallons of oil, 130 billion gallons of water
We use 3 1/2 times as much water to make the bottle than to fill it. Bottled water is a 130 billion a year business. |
|
|
Term
| surface currents are created by... |
|
Definition
| wind (heat distribution by sun) |
|
|
Term
| Subsurface currents are driven by... |
|
Definition
| density, (cool water sinks), salinity, and gravity |
|
|
Term
| What are ways of measuring/monitoring ocean circulation? |
|
Definition
Surface drifters (expensive, see where things how up but don't know the path)
Subsurface Drifters
Current Meters (can anchor them out at a particular place)
CODAR (coastal ocean dynamics applications radar) |
|
|
Term
| What was the rubber ducky drift? |
|
Definition
29,000 ducks left china in 1992 and fell off boat in the Pacific
10,000 drifted north, ended up in 10 months on the coast of Alaska
19,000 go south and wash up in Australia, Indonesia, and America
15 years later coast of England (17,000 miles)
2 years earlier another spill happened with nike shoes and they washed up on the coast of Alaska and people would match up shoes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Coastal Oceans Dynamics Applications Radar
Can go in at any time of the day and see which ways the currents are going. Remote system. |
|
|
Term
| What is the coriolos effect? |
|
Definition
earth spins at 2,000 miles per day
angular momentum drives this (circumference smaller at poles so it goes slower)
Northern hemisphere water goes 90 degrees to the right, in the south moves 90 degrees to the left. Stationary objects don't feel that but it effects air and water. |
|
|
Term
| What are the NE and SE trade winds? |
|
Definition
| up to about 30 degrees above and below the equator, are hot and push toward the equator, and there is a region right along the equator called doldrums where there isn't really wind. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blow from the west and move in the opposite direction |
|
|
Term
| What is the north equatorial current? |
|
Definition
| being blown by trade winds |
|
|
Term
| What is the equatorial counter current? |
|
Definition
| current pushed back in the opposite direction |
|
|
Term
| western boundary current? |
|
Definition
on western side of the ocean (australia, asia, florida, south america
tend to be narrow (some cases around 35 miles)
very well defined
transport warm water because they are coming from the equatorial region where there is more sunlight
Deep (go down a couple of miles)
Transport high velocity lots of water
England, France, and Spain are much warmer than they would have been because of currents
Climate change may change this and that would be bad |
|
|
Term
| Eastern Boundary Currents? |
|
Definition
Cold
Wide (about 600 miles)
Slow and sluggish
Shallow
Important for ocean productivity because of upwelling
Make up 1% of the world's oceans and provide 90% of the world's fisheries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| circulation pattern in which deep,cold, usually nutrient-laden water moves toward the surface. Upwelling can be caused by winds blowing parallel to shore or offshore |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| runs between cuba and florida |
|
|
Term
| What are the three seasons of circulation on the california coast? |
|
Definition
Upwelling (spring/early summer) --> water moves off shore
Oceanic (late summer/fall) --> winds die down, general current pattern to the south
Davidson Current (winter): sub surface current going frmo south to north, surface ones coming in to the bay. Subsurface current surfaces and we have a northerly current |
|
|
Term
| What is thermohaline (heat/salt) circulation? |
|
Definition
subsurface circulation
o Ocean’s temp range goes from about 0-30 C or 32-86 F
o Salinity goes from essentially 0 (fresh) to about 4%. Global average is about 3.5% (percent is parts per hundred). We talk about salinity in parts per thousand.
o Surface should be warmest freshest water, bottom should be coldest/saltiest water.
o Saltiest/coldest = densest, freshest/warmest = light
o Sigma T ⇒ density (T/S diagrams show temp and salinity)
o Go out and drop a hydrocast with a cable and water sampling bottles to see density and temp. |
|
|
Term
| North Atlantic Water Masses |
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| densest water in the ocean forms off of Antarctica. Very close to freezing, ice squeezes out salt. moves down (antarctic bottom water) |
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| North Atlantic Deep Water |
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| moves into southern ocean across equator (second densest water) stays that way for months for thousands of miles. |
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| conveyer belt circulation cycle takes how long to complete? |
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| wind (most waves we think about), gravity (pull of sun/moon on water), earthquakes/volcanic eruptions --> caused from seafloor earthquake, volcanic eruption, or a large seafloor landslide. Will travel at the speed of a jetliner (500 mph) for 90 to 100 miles. |
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| distance between two crests or two troughs |
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| time it would take between crests coming from shore. Talked about in seconds (speed in feet per second or miles per hour) |
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| when energy has been transmitted to the water’s surface and the amount of energy that goes into those waves (how big, high) are the properties of the storm |
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| when energy has been transmitted to the water’s surface and the amount of energy that goes into those waves (how big, high) are the properties of the storm |
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speed of wind
wind duration (hour or days for large waves)
distance - FETCH (distance that wind blows of waters surface)
Diameter of orbit within wave = total wave height |
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| Properties of orbital motion/diameter within wave |
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Definition
diameter of orbit within wave = total height of wave
as we go deeper orbit gets smaller and smaller
depth orbitals extend to = 1/2 wave length (L/2)
as long as the depth is greater than half the wavelength, we get deep water waves.
Velocity = gravity x period / 2pi |
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square root of gravity X water depth (controlled by depth). Where depth is less than 1/20 of the wavelength
velocity decreases as we get into shallow water and the wavelength decreases. wave height increases. wave period stays the same (length is decreasing and speed is decreasing so it balances out) |
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at any one point it is rarely a single perfect uniform wave front, there are multiple coming in and interfering.
go through cycles and sets of constructive and destructive interference |
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| Constructive interference |
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| waves come together and get really high |
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| waves break up against the cliff and then go back and hit the incoming waves |
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| really important. change velocity as they get into shallower water. Bending as it gets into shallower water makes surfing possible. |
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| waves go past land and create another little wave pattern (secondary wave defractions) |
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| what works very well for carbon dating? |
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| wind currents deposit the sand in ripples |
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| what kind of sediment is in shallow water? |
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| mostly terrigeneous sediment |
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| the study of the history of oceans in their geologic past especially history |
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| how can we study the ocean's geologic past? |
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Fossil record from plankton remains
foraminifera: tells us how old sediments are
radiolaria: glassy, easy to recognize and mostly dominate the sands
coccoliths: some planktonic algae that carry CaCo3
diatoms: common in temperate and polar regions and abundant both near coast and in open ocean |
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| We can also study oxygen Isotopic ratios using paleothermometers. oxygen is in 2 forms O18 and O16. High Values means low temperatures. Sea is abundant with 016. O16 is lighter than O18. When evaporation happens O16 evaporates while O18 is left behind because it is heavier and the ratio between the two changes. The ratio of O18 and O16 determines cooling/heating climate periods. |
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| as water gets warmer it gets lighter and less dense and takes up more volume even though no water was added |
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| need algae, photosynthesis dependent. reef building, stony, simbiotic relationship. |
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| no algae needed, no photosynthesis, not reef building, soft and move/sway in current, live in deep water. |
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| separated from island or mainland shore by a deep channel or lagoon |
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| circular and continuous coral reefs and circle around a lagoon without a central island |
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| attached to the shore of a continent or island |
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| factors controlling coral growth |
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Definition
temperature (prefers warm temps 65-90 degrees)
salinity (prefers salt water)
depth (too deep means not enough light)
very low turbidity (no sediment blocking light) |
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| most reef-building corals(hermatypic) have a mutually beneficial symbiotic relationship with algae. The coral provides the algae with a protected environment and the compounds necessary for photosynthesis, which are metabolic waste products of the coral. In return, the algae produces oxygen and helps the coral remove waste. |
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Ocean acidification (absorption of carbon dioxide by the ocean is lowering the ocean’s PH.(ocean is basic. groundwater is acidic)
Human impacts : Destructive Terrestrial Land Use Practices (Farming/Logging), Overfishing, Construction/Dredging, Excess Sedimentation, Pollution,Invasive Species, Sand Mining, Cruise Ships/Dive Boats (Anchors/Waste Removal Systems)
warming ocean (bleaching) |
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