Term
| if all the ice caps were melted, how many feet would sea level raise? |
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Definition
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Term
| what % of the earth is water? how much of that water is in the ocean? |
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Definition
| earth is 71% water, 97% of which is in the ocean |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How far down does the ocean go? |
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Definition
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Term
| how much of our food supply does the oceean provide? |
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Definition
| 3% (80 million tons of fish and shell a year) |
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Term
| How many barrels of oil does the US use per day? the globe? |
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Definition
US = 20 million barrels per day
The Globe = 20 million barrels |
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Term
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Definition
| releases natural gas, produces half the carbon dioxide but it produces and releases a lot of methane. |
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Term
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Definition
| green house gas keeps heat from getting out - is about 21 X worse than carbon dioxide in its heat storing capacity. BY releasing methane by fracking, we are contributing to the atmosphere. |
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Term
| who were the early oceanographers? |
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Definition
| the greeks - they learned how to navigate and began a series of observations |
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Term
| what contribution did ben franklin make to oceanography? |
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Definition
| one of the earliest marine scientists. wrote down observations and started charting the winds and currents to see that it is faster to go a northern route to europe and a southern route back to the US |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs on the western side of the ocean. As a result europe is much warmer than north america at the same latitude because warm waters get pushed up. As greenland is melting, this circulation system is changing (tipping point) |
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Term
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Definition
| one of the first marine biologist in the 1800s in England. Went out with a "naturalist dredge" (metal frame w/a a net anchored to a boat to scrape up things at different depths). Postulated that below about 1500 feet he couldn't find very much. Reasoned that because all life is dependent upon photosynthesis that below about 1500 feet nothing could survive. He called this the Azoic Zone (Without life) |
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Term
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Definition
| life changes as we go down deeper |
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Term
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Definition
| The zone below 1500 feet that Edward deemed to be "without life" |
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Term
| What did the HMS Challenger do? |
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Definition
| 1872-1876 were going to go around the world, start from England, and see as much as they could. Had to lower a rope w/ a weight on it to figure out how deep the water was. They redefined the ocean bottom and identified about 5000 new species. |
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Term
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Definition
| Thought that there was evidence that the arctic was a land mass (they didn't know it was all ice). Copied Jeanette (US NAVY) trip who went got stuck in the ice and the remnants ended up on the east coast of Greenland, indicating that ice must be moving around the arctic. Went to get purposefully frozen with dogs and sleds. Didn't go well, ended up having to hibernate in an igloo for 8 months until getting saved. |
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Term
| What tools were used in the 1900s? |
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Definition
Manual locations (can see clearly for about a mile without having to move a ship)
Sextant: uses the angle of the sun to tell you what latitude you were at |
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Term
| Whats an electronic radar? |
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Definition
| sends out a radio wave and comes back when it encounters something |
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Term
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Definition
| short range navigation and long range navigation (After the 40s) |
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Term
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Definition
| cost about 250,000 to buy so smaller ships couldn't afford it |
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Term
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Definition
| need source of sound and a timer |
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Term
| What speed does sound travel at? |
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Definition
| 4800 ft/sec on average or 1500 m/sec |
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Term
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Definition
| The sloping region between a continental shelf and a continental rise. A continental slope is typically about 20 km (12.4 mi) wide, consists of muds and silts, and is often crosscut by submarine canyons. |
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Term
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Definition
| the extended perimeter of each continent and associated coastal plain. Much of the shelf was exposed during glacial periods, but it is now submerged under relatively shallow seas (known as shelf seas) and gulfs and was similarly submerged during other interglacial periods. |
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Term
| What's the EEZ? When did the US become interested in it? What did they develop? |
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Definition
| Exclusive Economic Zone. Each country had essentially a 200 mile limit that was theirs, so we wanted to know what was out there. Developed sidescan sonar to get more area of the ocean floor at once that projects sound and figures out what is there. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is multibeam bathymetry? |
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Definition
| sends out different beams to develop a three dimensional map of the sea floor. Helped us figure out Mavericks. |
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Term
| What is Seismis Reflection Proficing? |
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Definition
| basically creating an earthquake to tell what is below the earth. People who were most interested were oil companies. LOoked for a dome like structure where oil would be trapped in an impermeable layer. |
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Term
| What is Seismic refraction? |
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Definition
| lets off a large burst of sound all the way down a few layers reverberating at different places. As we get further away sound will go faster through denser materials and we can find the thickness of the layers of the earth. |
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Term
| how fast do tsunamis travel? |
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Definition
| 500 mph (about the speed of a jet plane) |
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Term
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Definition
| the earth's magnetic field is oriented around a pull that is tilted off a bit. A compass points to the magnetic north pole, not the geographic north pole. Lava flow is lined up with the earth's magnetic field |
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Term
| What are inclination and declination? |
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Definition
Inclination: measured from the horizontal, at the north pole the compass would point straight down.
Declination: how much a point varies from pointing to the north pole (difference between where your compass points and where true north is) |
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Term
| What are different tools for figuring out the sedimentary record of the seafloor? |
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Definition
| grab samplers, corer (long tube with a lot of weight), dredge, underwater cameras, remote operated vehicles (ROV), semi-autonomous underwater vehicles, TAGS (instruments for animals), Satellites CODAR (measures coastal currents), ocean drilling |
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Term
| how thick are continents? how thick is the mantle? |
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Definition
| continents making the crust are 30-40 miles thick. under the ocean the mantle is about 3-5 miles thick. |
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Term
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Definition
| drill down tot he mantle layer. realized there was a lot of info down there and it should be done regularly. |
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Term
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Definition
| Deep Sea Drilling Project (2 month drilling project), capable of going almost 7000 feet into the sea floor. AFter about 20 years moved tot he ODP (ocean drilling program), then IDOP (integrated ocean drilling project). About 250 voyages. |
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Term
| What is Uniformitarianism? |
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Definition
| The present is key to the past. |
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Term
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Definition
| The history of the earth has long periods of boredom with huge catastrophic events. There are 5 major extinctions in the fossil record going back about 4.6 billion years. |
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Term
| When was the Paleozoic period? |
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Definition
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Term
| When/What is the Ordovician period? |
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Definition
| 445 million years ago, 85% of all the species on earth went extinct. At that point mostly marine, major changes in circulation and climate, huge event. |
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Term
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Definition
| 376 million years ago, 70-82% all life went extinct. Suspected causes: global cooling from volcanism or a series of asteroid comic impacts, low oxygen levels. |
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Term
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Definition
| 252 million years ago, lost 90% of everything of marine life and 70% of terrestrial life. Suspected causes: siberian traps (flood basalt eruption), places where some kind of connection opened up to hotter material and cubic miles of lava erupted over a period of time. |
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Term
| Triassic and Jurassic period |
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Definition
| 200 million years ago. 76% of all species lost again. Supercontinent split open, volcanic eruptions, asteroid comet impact, sea level changes. |
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Term
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Definition
| lost 60 % of all species that were around. Very large asteroid hit, believed to have ended the dinosaurs. |
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Term
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Definition
| 65 million years ago, age of reptiles |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Absolute Dating. Radioactive materials break down over time from a mother to a daughter product at a very regular rate. The half-life is the time it takes for half of that to break down to its daughter element. |
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Term
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Definition
| tool used to measure the ratio of elements to find out how old it is (using half-lives). Generally useful, allows us to date things such as lava. |
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Term
| How do we do "relative dating" |
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Definition
| fossils. Oldest rocks are 3.9 billion years old, earth is 4.6 billion years old. Oldest fossil 3.4 billion years old (we believe). |
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Term
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Definition
| Layers tilt upward and then the top gets eroded off and a new layer of horizontal rocks comes over (have this int he grand canyon) |
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Term
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Definition
| oldest formations of rock |
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Term
| how was the moon and the earths tilt createD? |
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Definition
| o We have an iron and nickel core that creates the magnetic field that protects the earth from what comes off of the sun. This happened when earth collided 4.4 billion years ago with another planet. The lighter stuff came off of the collision and made the moon. Silica and Aluminum make up most of the earth’s surface rock. The collision also knocked the planet off of a circular orbit to a 23 degree tilted axis. The tilt actually changes over time by a couple of degrees, which effects climate change (takes about 46,000 years). Also created a wobble that has a cycle of about 21,000 years. Without the tilt we would not have seasons. |
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Term
| Where did the earth's first oceans come from? |
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Definition
degassing (magma erupts at the earth surface and there is a lot of water vapor)
and icy asteroids |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How long ago was the collision to form the moon? |
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Definition
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Term
| How old were the oldest rocks dated? |
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Definition
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Term
| When were the oldest fossils dated? |
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Definition
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Term
| continents vs. ocean basins |
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Definition
| continents gradually being eroded by ice, glaciers, rivers, wind, etc. and gradually all the stuff is coming into the ocean and going into the ocean basins. |
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Term
| When rivers carry down broken chunks of the continent in the hydrologic cycle, what is the dissolve load? the suspended load? the bed load? |
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Definition
dissolve load: all of the elements that have been dissolved
suspended load: clay and silt (muddiness)
bed load: what moves along the bottom of the stream (cobbles, boulders, sand, gravel) |
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Term
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Definition
| equal standing. thickness comparable to depth. continetns rising and falling. |
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Term
| what is the core made of? what is the radius? |
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Definition
| nickel & iron. Radius is nearly 4000. 3200 miles down solid inner core and liquid outer core. |
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Term
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Definition
| measures earthquake waves. Primary waves and s waves (like ocean waves). Gap between the two tells you how far away the earthquake was. |
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Term
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Definition
| (plate tectonics) between the crust and the upper mantle. plates are the crust and the upper part of the mantle, about 100 miles thick. |
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Term
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Definition
| another 200 miles under the lithosphere, plastic/fluid |
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Term
| Proof of continental drift? |
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Definition
| Geometirc fit across the atlantic, climatic sensitive deposits (ex. coral), Fossil Floral and Faunal Assemblages, Rock Ages Across Atlantic |
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Term
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Definition
| two people came up with it at the same time (Hess and Deets). Convection (flow of heat from antle to surface) currents, as it comes through the surface it will break through and create volcanoes. Pulls apart and spreads surface, and it must cool and become dense somewhere again. |
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Term
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Definition
records magnetic field. megnetized strips on the ocean sea floor ridges that show that it is spreading.
Instance / Age = Rate
plates move around at centimeters per year |
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Term
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Definition
| where plates are subducted and melted for volcanoes form earthquakes |
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Term
| how many plates does the earth consist of? |
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Definition
| 7 large ones and several smaller |
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Term
| Plates: divergent boundary |
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Definition
| plates are moving away from one another |
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Term
Upwarping
Rift Valley
Linear Sea |
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Definition
magma begins to rise
starts opening up at surface
opens up wide enough to have water in it
then ocean forms!! |
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Term
| Where did two continental plates come together and collide and everything goes up? |
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Definition
| India in its collision with Asia. Pushed up into the Himalayas. Tethys Sea toward the middle east became the source for most of the world's oil . Global climate began to change |
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Term
| What are transformed faults? WHat is an example of one? |
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Definition
| when plates slide along one another. San Andreas fault (runs through Cali). Franciscan formation (silica rich hard sediment, sandstones, and silkstones). Got scraped onto continent as collission occured. |
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Term
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Definition
| volcanic. very high grain |
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Term
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Definition
| when lava came up to the surfaces, due to the difference in thickness of the crust came up in jagged sections |
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Term
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Definition
| The origin of an earthquake. Determined by a seimograph. Because we don't know the exact rocks under the earth, we can only determine it within a mile. |
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Term
| Passive Margins/ Trailing Edges |
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Definition
| east coast of south america and america, west coast of africa and europe. trail along behind because movement takes places on the other side. Very low, flat, coastal plain. No cliffs. Very wide shelf. Barrier islands and bays typically. LOts of sand deposition and dunes. |
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Term
| Active Margins / Collission Edge |
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Definition
| colliding with the plate, mountain ranges, volcanoes, earthquakes, cliffs |
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Term
| where does most oil come from? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| elevated sea floor - why california's development is possible. |
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Term
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Definition
| Depositional Shelf, coral reefs --> signature left behind from thousands of years of sea level going up and down and the coast line moving back and forth |
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Term
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Definition
| old sea floor sediment that add up and lift up the coast line. |
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Term
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Definition
| canyons on the sea floor. River valley cutting down the continental slope. we see these off of a number of the continental shelves and slopes of the world. all crossed the continental slope, many crossed shelf. tend to be v shaped, all went down to the deep sea floor. |
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Term
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Definition
| an impressive submarine canyon |
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Term
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Definition
| submarine flow of sand, clay, silt that flows down a slope liek a river because it is denser than water. They flow ery quickly in a huge volume and are generated by earthquakes. LIke a debri flow on land. |
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Term
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Definition
| Deposits of turbidity currents. Preserved on land all over the place. |
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Term
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Definition
| big stuff settles first, gradually finer, and so on. Found these in submarine canyons |
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Term
| How often do erosion deposits happen? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| came ashore with no earthquake - traced back trees on oregon coast. |
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Term
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Definition
| deposits at the end of these sea floor canyons where all of the sediment has finally been deposited after it has been deposited after it has come down and spread out. |
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