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Definition
| production of organic materials from inorganic material by photosynthesis or chemosynthesis |
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Definition
chlorophyll uses the energy of light to break water molecules
greatest amount of photosynthesis actually occurs between 5 and 10 meters
• Chlorophyll is green because it reflects blue and green light, and absorbs mostly red light |
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Definition
| capture the energy of the shorter wavelength colors and transfer it to the chlorophyll |
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Definition
chemical energy is used to manufacture organic molecules from inorganic molecules.
ex: hydrothermal vents |
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Definition
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Definition
| Organisms that feed on autotrophs |
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Term
| Limiting Factors of Productivity |
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Definition
| Inorganic nutrients and sunlight |
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Term
| nonconservative nutrients |
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Definition
| concentrations of these nutrients can fluctuate |
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Definition
| Nutrients are mostly recycled from decaying dead organisms and therefore have a tendency to sink to the bottom of oceans and shelves. They can be brought back to the surface by: |
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Term
| Latitude effects on primary productivity |
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Definition
amount of daylight hours and the amount of sunlight energy per unit (insolation) of marine surface area
• The latitude of maximum energy varies from the Tropic of Cancer (northern hemisphere summer) to the Tropic of Capricorn |
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Term
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Definition
| will effect the waters clarity and thus the amount of light penetration |
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| Distribution of Plankton Productivity |
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Definition
• Tropics - high in sunlight but low in nutrients
• Polar regions - yearly low average of sunlight but high in nutrients
• Temperate and Subpolar regions - adequate sunlight, moderate nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
| the scientific study of the organisms that live in the ocean |
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Term
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Definition
In any group of organisms, more offspring are produced than will survive to reproduce themselves.
2. Individual organisms vary from one another.
3. Some variations between individuals can be inherited by offspring. Some of these heritable traits increase the chances of survival and reproduction.
4. Since individuals with favorable traits are more likely to survive and pass these favorable traits on to their offspring, these traits show up more and more in later generations. Thus organisms change over time -- in other words, they EVOLVE! |
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Term
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Definition
genetic recombination
mutations |
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Term
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Definition
any physical or biological aspect of the environment that
• limits the ability of an organism to exist in a particular place.
• controls (limits) the ability of an organism to exist or function.
• Either too much or too little of the factor can make it limiting.
ex Temperature |
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Term
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Definition
is a prefix meaning “narrow”.
• used to describe organisms that have narrow tolerances for specific factors: “stenohaline”, “stenothermal" |
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Definition
is a prefix meaning “wide”.
• used to describe organisms that have wide tolerances for specific factors: “euryhaline”, “eurythermal” |
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Definition
| this is an organism’s physical location in its community |
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Definition
| this an organism’s role in the community; its “occupation”, an expression of what the organism actually does in the community. |
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Definition
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Definition
| symbiosis in which one species benefits, the other is neither helped nor harmed |
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Definition
| symbiosis in which one species benefits, but the other is harmed. This is the most common of the three types |
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Definition
| a stable, long-established community. |
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Definition
| variety of species in a community |
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Definition
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Definition
| organisms which float in the water and have no ability to propel themselves against a current |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| those that are plankton their entire life |
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Term
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Definition
| those that are planktonic only as larvae |
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Term
| Cyanobacteria (phytoplankton) |
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Definition
| also known as "blue-green algae" - are the most ancient life form known to inhabit earth, with a fossil record of over 3.5 billion years |
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Term
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Definition
• Two flagellae: one long and very efficient at moving the cell through the water, the other.
• Can produce blooms.
• Make-up of most beach material. |
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Term
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Definition
single cells enclosed in a siliceous shell, shaped as a pillbox
eutrophication able to bloom - reproduce very quickly into huge numbers, through vegetative or asexual reproduction. |
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Term
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Definition
ingle cells with two whip-like tails (flagella).
• Most diverse types of life histories, ecological niches and unique adaptations of all the phytoplankton.
• Although grouped with the phytoplankton, some species are unable to photosynthesize and instead are heterotrophic - able to directly ingest food.
• Go through bloom cycles when they are highly abundant and these blooms can be toxic (commonly called red tides), or bioluminescent |
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Term
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Definition
one-celled marine plants.
• Live in large numbers throughout the upper layers of the ocean.
• Surround themselves with a microscopic plating made of limestone
• In areas with trillions of coccolithophores, the waters will turn an opaque turquoise from the dense cloud of coccoliths |
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Definition
| , phytoplankton populations can increase their numbers at an incredible rate |
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Definition
| swim with their antennae, their swimming legs, and with a flick of their tail for escape. |
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Term
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Definition
| have specialized cells, nematocysts, on their tentacles which capture and paralyze prey |
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Definition
| At night they ascend to the surface water and descend in the morning to hide. |
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Term
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Definition
organisms which live on the bottom or within the bottom sediments
organisms are an important food source for many fish
Benthic communities also vary in response to substrate |
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Term
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Definition
| generally soft-bodied organisms lacking a rigid internal skeleton |
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Definition
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Definition
| corals, jellyfishes, and sea anemones |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Class Bivalvia: the clams
Class Gastropoda: the snails
Class Cephalopoda: the squids and octopuses
Nudibranchs |
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Term
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Definition
lobsters, crabs, shrimps, krill, copepods, and barnacles.
exoskeleton
articulation
striated muscle
Crustaceans
Copepod
Molting |
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Term
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Definition
the sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, and sea cucumbers.
radially symmetric and based on five sections |
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Definition
| organisms that can propel themselves throughout the ocean |
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Definition
o Class Agnatha
o Class Chondrichthyes
o Class Osteichthyes |
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Definition
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Definition
| the sharks, skates, and rays. These fish all have skeletons made of cartilage instead of true bone |
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Definition
| the bony fishes. These fish all have skeletons made of bone |
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Term
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Definition
| fish species migrate between fresh and saline environments |
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Term
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Definition
fusiform to reduce drag:
• Compressed- laterally flattened
• Depressed- bottom-dwelling
• Elongated- open ocean fish and eels |
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Term
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Definition
• Countersahding
• Mimetism
• Disruptive |
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Term
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Definition
| the resemblance of one organism to another or to an object in its surroundings for concealment and protection from predators |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| distinctive designs do the trick. Spots, stripes or even patches, camouflage the animal |
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Definition
| Black in top and white on bottom |
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Term
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Definition
| pigment-containing and light-reflecting cells |
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Definition
senses vibrations:
• distance perception
• detecting low-frequency vibrations |
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Term
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Definition
| maintaining neutral buoyancy |
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Definition
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Definition
• Right after birth
• shortly after birth
• between one and five years |
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Term
| Sequential hermaphrodites |
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Definition
| born one sex and change sex sometime during the course of life |
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Term
| Synchronous hermaphrodites |
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Definition
| have both sperm- and egg-producing organs at the same time |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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| transparent or translucent third eyelid present in some animals that can be drawn across the eye for protection and to moisten it while maintaining visibility. |
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Definition
Several rows of replacement teeth continually develop behind the outer row(s) of functional teeth.
• Jaws are loosely connected to the rest of the skull at two points: upper jaw extends forward from the mouth, teeth of the lower jaw puncture and hold prey. The upper jaw teeth slice. |
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Term
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Definition
| one or more venomous spines on the tail, adaptation for defending the animal against predators and are not used aggressively |
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Definition
- complex and extensive sensory system around a shark's head
o detect weak electrical fields at short ranges
o effective only within inches, as they sense bioelectrical fields in the final stages of prey capture.
o considered electroreceptors, it is possible that the ampullae of Lorenzini may also detect temperature, salinity, changes in water pressure, mechanical stimuli, and magnetic fields. |
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Term
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Definition
o fish, crustaceans, molluscs, marine mammals, and other sharks.
Filter feeders have reduced, nonfunctional teeth.
• Most predatory species of sharks seize, grasp, and tear food. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| o Eight species of sea turtles: green, black (also know as Eastern Pacific green turtle), loggerhead, Kemp's ridley, olive ridley, hawksbill, flatback, leatherback |
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Definition
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| Most Endangered Sea Turtle |
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Definition
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Definition
| The dorsal (top) side of the shell |
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Definition
| The ventral (bottom) side of the shell |
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Definition
only time sea turtles need to leave the sea is when females haul out to lay eggs;
Sexual dimorphism- Male and female sea turtles do not differ externally until they approach maturity.
o Fertilization is internal. |
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Definition
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Definition
| o Jaw structure of many species indicates their diet. |
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Definition
| temporary egg tooth to help break open the shell |
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Term
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Definition
| continuous swimming takes place for about 24 to 48 hours after the hatchling enters the water, gets the young turtle into deeper water, where it is less vulnerable to predators |
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Term
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Definition
More than 90% of hatchlings are eaten.
o Fibropapillomas- tumorlike growths
o Human impact:
o nesting areas are becoming scarce
o nesting females and hatchlings are disturbed by the presence of trash
o noise and activity of people on the beach also may cause females to return to the sea instead of nesting.
o shrimp nets
o artificial lighting on beaches
o illegal collection of turtle
o deforestation may indirectly threaten sea turtle nests
o propeller and collision injuries from boats |
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Term
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Definition
listed as threatened or endangered
regulate trade in certain wildlife species. CITES protects all species of sea turtles.
o Protecting nests.
o Controlling lighting
o Wildlife refuges.
o Managing sex ratios |
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Term
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Definition
• Baleen Whales
• Toothed Whales |
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Term
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Definition
• The breath puffs are not formed by water, but by air.
• When the animal comes to the surface to breath, the spiracle opens and the animal breaths out and then in. The spiracle then closes and the animal descends. |
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Definition
| family groups of cetaceans |
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Term
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Definition
• The breath puffs are not formed by water, but by air.
Baleen whales are very large, have paired blowholes, and characteristic baleen plates that they use to filter food.
• Humpback whales use the blowholes to creat bubble nets.
Presence of teeth and one external blowhole. |
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Term
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Definition
| Presence of teeth and one external blowhole. |
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Term
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Definition
| • Baleen whales are very large, have paired blowholes, and characteristic baleen plates that they use to filter food. |
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Term
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Definition
| series of growths on Right Whale |
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Definition
| what Whalers used to call gray whales |
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Definition
use to locate food and "see" their environment
"sounds" |
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Term
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Definition
| air that they release from their blowholes. The whales dive deep then swim up in a spiral pattern, all the while releasing a steady stream of bubbles. As the bubbles rise they form a bubble cage, which traps the fish or plankton that the whales are pursuing. Then the whales swim up through the center of the bubble cage with their jaws open and capture a great gulp of food. |
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Term
| Causes of whale strandings |
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Definition
• Intentionally to rest or seek safety of land or to rub their skin.
• Disorientation, confusion of sonar signals in shallow water, or effects of parasite infestation of the inner ear may cause strandings.
• The most compelling scientific theory about strandings has to do with whales using the earth's magnetic field to navigate their environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| cetaceans leap clear out of the water |
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Term
| Flipper or fluke slapping |
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Definition
| cetacean slaps the water with its flipper or fluke |
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Definition
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Definition
| animal moving in and out of the water in a series of high-speed leaps. |
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Term
| dubbed spouting or blowing |
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Definition
| a breath whales must swim to the surface and exhale through their blowhole |
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Definition
| a whale head sticks its head straight up out of the water |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
o Drift nets- although banned in most countries they are still used.
o Direct harassment from fishermen to keep out of nets.
o Accidental catching (non-target species) |
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Term
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Definition
| o Whale skin is encrusted with barnacles and a unique species of small crustaceans known |
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Term
| International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling |
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Definition
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Definition
| men went out to look for fish and had to use first harpoons made of antlers or silica stone |
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Definition
| the fishing hooks were made of wood spines, or thin bones. Some type of meat was adhered to the hook. |
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o In 1995 the FAO reported that 70 percent of the world stocks are over fished and depleted, concluding that world fisheries cannot be sustained at their present levels.
• In the year 1950 the total fish catch was 21 million metric tons. By the year 1995 it rose to 86 million metric tons. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cod, Tuna, Anchovies, Sharks |
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Term
| Most damagins fishing techniques |
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Definition
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Definition
| many organizations have reclaimed the management of fisheries not focusing on the species but on the marine ecosystem associated with the species, and focusing only on the species, therefore reducing the capture of non target species. |
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Definition
| No fishing so the fish would replenish and restock |
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Definition
| declining due to overfishing |
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