Conclusion

A statement that is supported by at least one other statement.

Rebuttal

A statement that logically challenges a premise.

Premise

Statements that together constitute the grounds for affirming the conclusion.

Argument

A group of statements one or more of which (the premises) support or provide evidence for another conclusion.

The Sufficiency Principle

When an argument is presented for or against a position, the arguer should attempt to provide reasons that are sufficient in number, kind, and weight to support the acceptance of the conclusion.

The Principle of Charity

When participant’s (opponent’s) argument is reformulated, it should be expressed in the strongest possible terms to reveal the original intent of the position.

The Clarity Principle

The articulation of all positions, defenses, and attacks should be free from linguistic confusion.

Truth Seeking Principle

Each person should be committed to the task of searching for truth of an issue. Therefore, one should be willing to examine alternative issues seriously.

The Fallibility Principle

In an argument, both sides should acknowledge that none of the positions may be accepted and that only one is true or the most defensible position. So…it is possible through thorough examination that it will be revealed that one’s own initial position is false or defensible. 

Leading Question (Fallacy)

“planting” a proposed answer to a question at issue by the manner in which the question is asked.

Appeal to Pity (Fallacy)

Attempting to persuade others by appealing to their sympathy instead of relevant evidence.

Linguistic Confusion

Presenting an argument in a way that is not understood by those whom it is presented.