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| the group of applied techniques of genetics and biotechnology used to cut up and join together genetic material and especially DNA from one or more species of organism and to introduce the result into an organism in order to change one or more of its characteristics |
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| an organism that transmits a pathogen |
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| genetically engineered DNA usually incorporating DNA from more than one species of organism |
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| an extrachromosomal ring of DNA especially of bacteria that replicates autonomously |
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| any of various enzymes that cleave DNA into fragments at specific sites in the interior of the molecule |
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| to test or examine for the presence of something |
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| the movement of suspended particles through a medium (as paper or gel) under the action of an electromotive force applied to electrodes in contact with the suspension |
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a microprobe that uses an electron beam to induce X-ray emissions in a sample |
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| a preparation of killed microorganisms, living attenuated organisms, or living fully virulent organisms that is administered to produce or artificially increase immunity to a particular disease |
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| the insertion of usually genetically altered genes into cells especially to replace defective genes in the treatment of genetic disorders or to provide a specialized disease |
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| a technique used especially for identification (as for forensic purposes) by extracting and identifying the base-pair pattern in an individual's DNA |
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| being or used to produce an organism or cell of one species into which one or more genes of another species have been incorporated |
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| a polynucleotide sequence in a nucleic acid that does not code information for protein synthesis and is removed before translation of messenger RNA |
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| a polynucleotide sequence in a nucleic acid that codes information for protein synthesis and that is copied and spliced together with other such sequences to form messenger RNA |
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| a gene mutation involving the substitution, addition, or deletion of a single nucleotide base |
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| the act, process, or result of substituting one thing for another |
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| the mutational process producing a genetic insertion |
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| the absence of a section of genetic material from a gene or chromosome |
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| a breaking off of a chromosome section and its subsequent reattachment in inverted position |
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| transfer of part of a chromosome to a different position especially on a nonhomologous chromosome |
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| the aggregate of genetically identical cells or organisms asexually produced by a single progenitor cell or organism |
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| the chromosomal characteristics of a cell; also : the chromosomes themselves or a representation of them |
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| failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate subsequent to metaphase in meiosis or mitosis so that one daughter cell has both and the other neither of the chromosomes |
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