Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Postterm pregnancies (>42 weeks) at increased risk for…? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is fetal hydantoin syndrome characterized by? |
|
Definition
| midfacial hypoplasia, microcephaly, cleft lip and palate, digital hypoplasia, nail hypoplasia hirsutism and developmental delay |
|
|
Term
| How can physiologic vaginal discharge be differentiated from pathological vaginal discharge? |
|
Definition
| absence of odor, pruritis, urinary symptoms and cervical tenderness |
|
|
Term
| Pathophysiology of Sheehan's syndrome? |
|
Definition
| ischemic necrosis of the pituitary gland d/t peri-partum bleeding |
|
|
Term
| What is the effect of Lithium on a growing fetus? |
|
Definition
| increased risk of congenital heart disease in the first trimester |
|
|
Term
| What fetal heart defect is classically a/w Lithium use in pregnancy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Antepartum hemorrhage with FHR changes progressing from tachycardia to bradycardia and finally to a sinusoidal pattern occurring suddenly after rupture of membranes suggests what diagnosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the use an Apt test when vasa previa is suspected? |
|
Definition
| this test can differentiate maternal and fetal blood; in vasa previa the bleeding is fetal in origin, therefore maternal vitals remain stable while the baby exsanguinates |
|
|
Term
| What is the MOA of Raloxifene and its clinical indication? |
|
Definition
mixed agonist/antagonist of estrogen receptors—antag in breast and vaginal tissue, agonist in bone
first-line agent for prevention of osteoporosis and decreases breast cancer risk |
|
|
Term
| What is the most important side effect of raloxifene? |
|
Definition
| increased risk of thromboembolism |
|
|
Term
| What estrogenic drug is a/w an increased risk for endometrial cancer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inpatient tx for PID consists of which drugs? |
|
Definition
cefoxitin/doxycycline
cefotetan/doxycycline
clindamycin/gentamicin |
|
|
Term
| Outpatient tx for PID consists of which drugs? |
|
Definition
cefoxitin (IM) + Probenecid + doxy
or
ceftriaxone (IM) + doxy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| presence of endometrial glands in the uterine muscles |
|
|
Term
| Classic PE findings in pt with adenomyosis? |
|
Definition
| enlarged and generally symmetrical uterus |
|
|
Term
| Classic presentation of adenomyosis? |
|
Definition
| woman >40 p/w secondary dysmenorrhea and menorrhagia |
|
|
Term
| Differential diagnosis of adenomyosis: |
|
Definition
| leiomyoma and endometrial carcinoma |
|
|
Term
| What is mandatory to perform in women >35 yrs with suspected adenomyosis? |
|
Definition
| endometrial curettage to r/o endometrial carcinoma |
|
|
Term
| Typical S&S of uterine rupture? |
|
Definition
| intense abdominal pain with vaginal bleedings, vital signs consistent with hypovolemia, retraction of presenting parts on pelvic exam, palpability of fetal extremities on abdominal exam |
|
|
Term
| Isolated amenorrhea with well-developed secondary sexual characteristics can be considered normal up to what age? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What test is used for evaluation of primary amenorrhea in a female with no breast development (i.e., lack of estrogen)? |
|
Definition
| FSH; differentiates hypothalamic/pituitary (central) vs. gonadal (peripheral) cause |
|
|
Term
| What test is used for evaluation of precocious puberty? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Risk factors for endometrial carcinoma include: |
|
Definition
| advancing age, use of unopposed estrogen in the past, prolonged use of tamoxifen, obesity, nulliparity, and PCOS |
|
|
Term
| For which patients is LEEP procedure recommended? |
|
Definition
| all pts, except adolescents and pregnant women, with HSIL on pap smear but without CIN II or greater on biopsy (suggests the abnormal area was missed on colpo) |
|
|
Term
| Flank pain that radiates to the groin and hematuria are characteristic of what diagnosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When is hysteroscopy indicated? |
|
Definition
| removal of endometrial polyps or uterine fibroids |
|
|
Term
| What is dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB)? |
|
Definition
| heavy vaginal bleeding that occurs in the absence of structural or organic disease |
|
|
Term
| DUB is a diagnosis of exclusion and is most often the result of…? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the management of choice for uncontrolled bleeding in pts with DUB? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Classical clinical triad for hydatidiform mole: |
|
Definition
| enlarged uterus, hyperemesis, markedly elevated β-HCG (>100,000) |
|
|
Term
| When does vomiting usually begin in pts with hyperemesis gravidarum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Diagnostic criteria for hyperemesis gravidarum: |
|
Definition
persistence of vomiting, loss of ≥5% of pre-pregnancy weight and presence of ketonuria
*elevated amylase and lipase are from the salivary gland 2/2 vomiting |
|
|
Term
| Next step in management for suspected lichen sclerosis? |
|
Definition
| punch biopsy of any suspicious areas to definitively r/o vulvar cancer |
|
|
Term
| Treatment of choice for Lichen sclerosis? |
|
Definition
| high potency topical corticosteroids for 4 weeks with subsequent transition to a less potent agent or a calcineurin-inhibitor for maintenance |
|
|
Term
| What changes in renal function occur during the first trimester of pregnancy? |
|
Definition
| BUN and Cr decrease d/t increased renal plasma blood flow and GFR |
|
|
Term
| How can infertility d/t aging be assessed? |
|
Definition
| an early follicular phase FSH level, a clomiphene challenge test, or an inhibit-B level |
|
|
Term
| Sudden onset of pain and nausea as well as the presence of a cyst on ultrasound, suggests what diagnosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is typically the best imaging study for the uterus and adnexa? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most appropriate next step in the management of a post-menopausal women with a complex ovarian mass? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Classic clinical triad of interstitial cystitis. |
|
Definition
| urinary urgency, frequency, and chronic pelvic pain (exacerbated by sex, bladder filling, relieved by voiding) |
|
|
Term
| Diagnostic test for interstitial cystitis? |
|
Definition
| Cytoscopy--submucosal petechiae or ulcerations |
|
|
Term
| Pts diagnosed with Trichomonas should be counselled to avoid what while taking the first-line treatment? |
|
Definition
| alcohol use should be avoided while taking metronidazole (disulfiram-like reaction) |
|
|
Term
| How can Down syndrome and Edward syndrome be differentiated via prenatal lab work? |
|
Definition
| T21:↓MSAFP, ↓estriol, ↑beta-HCG, ↑inhibin A
T18: ↓MSAFP, ↓estriol, ↓↓beta-HCG, normal inhibin A |
|
|
Term
| Amniocentesis will yield what results in the presence of a true neural tube defect? |
|
Definition
| ↑MSAFP and ↑acetylcholinesterase |
|
|
Term
| An increase in bp that appears before 20-weeks gestation is due to either…? |
|
Definition
| chronic HTN or a hydatidiform mole |
|
|
Term
| What is considered abnormal bp? |
|
Definition
| SBP > 140 mmHg and DBP > 90 mmHg |
|
|
Term
| MC risk factor for placental abruption? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tx of choice for pregnant pts with syphilis who are allergic to penicillin? |
|
Definition
| confirm the allergy with skin testing and if positive pt should undergo desensitization so penicillin can be safely taken |
|
|
Term
| What is a missed abortion? |
|
Definition
| form of spontaneous abortion characterized by intrauterine fetal death before 20 WGA with complete retained products of conception (fetus, placenta, etc) and a closed cervix |
|
|
Term
| Typical presentation of pt with a missed abortion? |
|
Definition
| loss of pregnancy symptoms (tender breasts, n/v) and some brown vaginal discharge |
|
|
Term
| What is the most appropriate next step in management for suspected missed abortion? |
|
Definition
| transvaginal ultrasound to document the absence of fetal heart movement (necessary to confirm the diagnosis) |
|
|
Term
| Appropriate tx options for confirmed missed abortion? |
|
Definition
| surgically with d&c or medically with vaginal misoprostol or mifepristone |
|
|
Term
| What is an inevitable abortion? |
|
Definition
| manifests with vaginal bleeding , lower abdominal cramps that may radiate to back and perineum and cervical dilation; US shows ruptured or collapsed gestational sac with absence of fetal cardiac movement |
|
|
Term
| What is the timeline of increasing beta-HCG levels in pregnancy? |
|
Definition
| production begins ~8 days after fertilization and levels double every 48 hrs until the peak at 6-8 WGA |
|
|
Term
| Which hormone is responsible for induction of prolactin during pregnancy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which hormones control prolactin production? |
|
Definition
| • inhibited by DA
• stimulated by serotonin and TRH
TRH → TSH → T3 & T4 |
|
|
Term
| When might combination therapy with gentamicin and ampicillin be indicated? |
|
Definition
| suspicion for polymicrobial infection such as postpartum endometritis |
|
|
Term
| What is the tx of choice for postpartum endometritis? |
|
Definition
| IV clindamycin and gentamicin
*Clinda is active against anaerobic organisms while gentamicin provides coverage for gram-negative aerobic organisms |
|
|
Term
| At what beta-HCG level can transvaginal ultrasound reliably visualize the gestational sac? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At what beta-HCG level can transabdominal ultrasound reliably visualize the gestational sac? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ideal range of maternal fasting glucose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| progestin-like medication useful in the tx of endometriosis and fibrocystic breast disease - Suppresses FSH and LH |
|
|
Term
| What is a marker of ovarian function and would therefore be low in a pt with Turner syndrome? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a variant of preE characterized by Hemolysis, Elevated Liver enzymes, and Low Platelet count |
|
|
Term
| Pharm tx for overflow incontinence? |
|
Definition
| bethanecol and alpha-blockers |
|
|
Term
| what is urge incontinence? |
|
Definition
| results from detrusor hyperactivity; characterized by a sudden urge to urinate that can occur at any time--not just with increases in intra-abdominal pressure |
|
|
Term
| Pharm tx for urge incontinence? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is stress incontinence? |
|
Definition
| characterized by loss of small amounts of urine with increased intra-abdominal pressure (i.e., with laughing, coughing, sneezing) resulting from ineffective closures of the urethral sphincter |
|
|
Term
| Tx for stress incontinence? |
|
Definition
| pelvic muscle exercises (Kegel exercises) and urethropexy |
|
|
Term
| Describe cervical mucus in the ovulatory phase. |
|
Definition
| profuse, clear and thin with pH ≥ 6.5; stretches to ~6 cm and exhibits ferning |
|
|
Term
| Describe cervical mucus in the early follicular phase, immediately following menstruation. |
|
Definition
| thick, scant and acidic; does not allow penetration by spermatozoa |
|
|
Term
| Critical antibody titers that put a fetus at risk for hemolytic disease of the newborn? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the standard of care for threatened abortion? |
|
Definition
| reassurance and outpatient f/u |
|
|
Term
| At what level would fibrinogen replacement be warranted? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why might a fibrinogen level of 160 (nml: 150-450) in a pt with confirmed IUFD be concerning? |
|
Definition
| fibrinogen levels are typically higher in pregnancy therefore 160 mg/dL is considered low for a pregnant pt and could be an early sign of consumptive coagulopathy (i.e., DIC) |
|
|
Term
| Female offspring of women who used DES during their pregnancy are at increased risk for…? |
|
Definition
| developing clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina and cervix as well as cervical anomalies and uterine malformations |
|
|
Term
| Risk factors for ovarian cancers of any type include: |
|
Definition
| family history, nulliparity, and lack of prior oral contraceptive use |
|
|
Term
| MCC of mucopurulent cervicitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| tx of choice for premenopausal women with simple or complex hyperplasia WITHOUT atypia? |
|
Definition
| cyclic progestins with repeat biopsy after 3-6 months of tx |
|
|
Term
| tx of choice for premenopausal women with complex hyperplasia WITH atypia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three most important initial steps in a situation of postpartum hemorrhage? |
|
Definition
1. fundal or bimanual massage
2. IV access
3. infusion of crystalloids and uterotonic agent |
|
|
Term
| What is the Zavanelli maneuver? |
|
Definition
| consists of pushing the baby back into the uterine cavity followed by a cesarean section; used as a last resort in case of shoulder dystocia |
|
|
Term
| tx for symptomatic candida vulvovaginitis? |
|
Definition
| oral fluconazole or topical nystatin |
|
|
Term
| bilateral solid ovarian masses discovered incidentally in a multiparous AA pregnant women most likely signifies…? |
|
Definition
| pregnancy luteoma—benign self limiting condition, 1/3 of pts will develop symptoms of hirsutism and virilization |
|
|
Term
| What is recommended for chlamydia screening in pregnancy? |
|
Definition
| recommended in all women age 24 or younger and those at increased risk (hx of STDs, new or multiple partners) |
|
|
Term
| Which causes of vulvovaginitis are a/w increased vaginal pH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| both cause thrombocytopenia and hemolytic anemia, PT and PTT are normal in both
different: HUS usually results in renal failure |
|
|
Term
| What is the most commonly identified infectious agent a/w FGR? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common preventable cause of FGR in the US? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is considered to be a reactive (normal) NST? |
|
Definition
| in 20 minutes there are 2 fetal heart rate accelerations of at least 15 bpm about the baseline lasting at least 15 sec each |
|
|
Term
| At what gestational age are attempts to convert breech into vertex position indicated? |
|
Definition
| at 37 WEEKS—most breech presentations will self-correct by 37 weeks |
|
|
Term
| When is chorionic villus sampling (CVS) indicated? |
|
Definition
| between 10-12 weeks of gestation in women >35 yrs following an abnormal ultrasound or women with known genetic disease or children with a genetic condition |
|
|
Term
| What is the most important factor in reducing the risk of limb reduction defects as a result of CVS |
|
Definition
| gestational age of the fetus—greater risk at gestational age <10 weeks |
|
|
Term
| When is amniocentesis performed? |
|
Definition
| between 16-20 weeks gestation |
|
|
Term
| When is cordocentesis or Percutaneous Umbilical Blood Sampling (PUBS) indicated? |
|
Definition
• Rapid karyotype analysis
• Suspected fetal blood dyscrasias (i.e., fetal anemia, Rhesus isoimmunization)
• Further karyotype analysis needed when CVS or amniocentesis suggest mosaicism |
|
|
Term
| When is MSAFP routinely performed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What conditions are a/w an increased MSAFP? |
|
Definition
| • neural tube defects
• abdominal wall defects (gastroschisis, omphalocele)
• multiple gestation
• incorrect gestational age |
|
|
Term
| What conditions are a/w a decreased MSAFP? |
|
Definition
| • chromosomal abnormalities (T21, T18)
• inaccurate gestational dates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Main risk factors for polyhydramnios: |
|
Definition
• fetal malformations and genetic disorders
• maternal diabetes mellitus
• multiple gestation
• fetal anemia |
|
|
Term
| Next step in management of a pt with suspected cervical insufficiency on pelvic exam? |
|
Definition
| transvaginal ultrasound (gold standard) |
|
|
Term
| What are some indications for C section? |
|
Definition
| large fetus, hyperextended head, footling breech, fetal distress |
|
|
Term
| What can be used to determine ovulatory reserve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What should be suspected in a post-menopausal female with symptoms of vaginal dryness and dysuria and PE findings of pale, dry vaginal mucosa, diminished labial fat pad, and scarce pubic hair? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tx for moderate to severe cases of atrophic vaginitis? |
|
Definition
| vaginal estrogen replacement; moisturizers and lubricants may be effective in mild cases |
|
|
Term
| Pt presents with sudden-onset lower quadrant abdominal pain that radiates to the groin or back and is accompanied by N/V. Adnexal mass may be present. Dx? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Classic findings for uterine fibroids? |
|
Definition
| dysmenorrhea, heavy menses, and an enlarged uterus;
*fibroids are estrogen-dependent tumors and therefore increase in size with OCPs or pregnancy and regress after menopause |
|
|
Term
| Pt has a history of dull ill-defined pelvic ache, worse prior to menstruation and relieved by menses. She has no pain during intercourse and uterus is not enlarged on PE. Dx? |
|
Definition
| pelvic congestion syndrome |
|
|
Term
| What is the normal physiological process that results in menses? |
|
Definition
| endometrium builds up under the influence of estrogen; progesterone is produced in increased amounts by the corpus luteum following ovulation; then as the corpus luteum begins to degenerate the build up progesterone is withdrawn and bleeding results |
|
|
Term
| What is considered a normal biophysical profile score? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When is delivery considered despite a BPP of ≥8? |
|
Definition
| presence of oligohydramnios (AFI<5) |
|
|
Term
| What is the most appropriate next step with a BPP of 6 without oligohydramnios? |
|
Definition
| contraction stress testing |
|
|
Term
| What is the most appropriate next step with BPP of 4, no oligohydramnios, and mature fetal lungs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Next step in management with a BPP <4? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the classic clinical signs and symptoms of a hydatiform mole? |
|
Definition
| first trimester vaginal bleeding, excessive N/V, uterine size larger than expected GA, serum increasing beta-HCG levels |
|
|
Term
| Classic US findings a/w hydatiform mole? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When is endometrial biopsy indicated in cases of DUB? |
|
Definition
| females who are: > 35 yrs, obese, chronically HTNsive, or diabetic |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for DUB in a low-risk pt or high-risk pt with biopsy negative for hyperplasia or carcinoma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Complications a/w untreated pyelonephritis (symptomatic or asymptomatic)? |
|
Definition
| septicemia, preterm labor, low birth weight babies |
|
|
Term
| Which drugs are safe to use fro tx of urine infections in pregnancy? |
|
Definition
| amoxicillin, ampicillin, nitrofurantoin, cephalexin |
|
|
Term
| Standard primary management of molar pregnancies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of molar pregnancy is a/w increased risk of GTD development? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pathogenesis of partial moles? |
|
Definition
| fertilization of egg by dispermy (69XXY, 69XXX, 69XYY) |
|
|
Term
| Pathogenesis of complete moles? |
|
Definition
| fertilization of an "empty" egg by a single sperm (46XX) or by two sperm (46XY) |
|
|
Term
| How long after a d&c for a molar pregnancy before pregnancy is re-attempted? |
|
Definition
| 6 months after negative beta-hCG levels |
|
|
Term
| What is necessary to make the diagnosis of choriocarcinoma? |
|
Definition
| positive beta-hCG in a reproductive-aged woman who has a history of a recent pregnancy (term, miscarriage, termination, mole) |
|
|
Term
| Increased risk of molar pregnancy is a/w: |
|
Definition
| Asian race, women <20 yrs and >40 yrs, ≥2 miscarriages, folic acid deficiency |
|
|
Term
| What is a contradiction to manual vacuum aspiration as means of abortion? |
|
Definition
| pregnancy > 8 weeks (risk increases with gestational age) |
|
|
Term
| Abortion is legal until what gestational age? |
|
Definition
| 24 WGA (when viability is achieved), unless a fetal anomaly inconsistent with extrauterine life is identified |
|
|
Term
| When would dilation and curettage vs. dilation and evacuation be the preferred surgical method of abortion? |
|
Definition
dilation and curettage: fetus <16 weeks
dilation and evacuation: fetus >16 weeks |
|
|
Term
| Tx for recurrent pregnancy loss d/t antiphospholipid antibody syndrome? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A pregnant pt presents with essential HTN and BP<120/80. She is not currently on a anti-HTN drug. At what point is it necessary to begin pharmacologic tx? |
|
Definition
| if bp is consistently above 150 systolic or 95 diastolic |
|
|
Term
| What is the first step in the presence of any non-reassuring heart rate? |
|
Definition
| administer oxygen and change maternal position followed by discontinuation of uterotonic agents (oxytocin) |
|
|
Term
| Plausible causes of uteroplacental insufficiency? |
|
Definition
• Cord compression
• Low amniotic fluid
• Fetal hypoxia |
|
|
Term
| What is the most appropriate next step in management of a confirmed DVT of the femoral vein? |
|
Definition
| anticoagulation with heparin |
|
|
Term
| What is considered to be a normal post-void residual? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Post-void residual found in pts with overflow incontinence? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the triad of symptoms a/w McCune-Albright syndrome? |
|
Definition
| café au lait spots polycystic fibrous dysplasia and autonomous endocrine hyperfunction (gonadotropin-independent precocious puberty) |
|
|
Term
| Tx of choice for inevitable abortion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When is induction of labor a tx option for abortion? |
|
Definition
| missed abortion diagnosed after 16 WGA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Next step in management for a white plaque found on the cervix via speculum exam? |
|
Definition
| this is called leukoplakia (i.e., obvious cervical lesion) and should be biopsied directly or under colposcopic guidance ASAP regardless of pap smear outcome |
|
|
Term
| CIN 3 and carcinoma in situ staging? |
|
Definition
| abnormal cell growth extending the full length of the squamous surface to the basement membrane, but not beyond it |
|
|
Term
| What constitutes microinvasive cervical cancer? |
|
Definition
| abnormal cells invade less than 3 mm past the basement membrane (?) |
|
|
Term
| When is cervical conization indicated? |
|
Definition
• cervical bx shows severe dysplasia or carcinoma in situ
• if pt has a positive endocervical curettage (ECC) |
|
|
Term
| Greatest risk factor for developing cervical cancer? |
|
Definition
| all connected to HPV exposure—early-onset sexual activity, multiple sex partners or partner with multiple sex partners, history of HPV or other STDs, immunosuppression, smoking, low socioeconomic class, lack of regular Pap smears |
|
|
Term
Examination of vulva: fiery red background mottled with whitish hyperkeratotic areas without a distinct lesion.
Most likely diagnosis? |
|
Definition
| Paget disease of the vulva—an in situ carcinoma of the vulva a/w breast cancer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wide local excision (cancer has not yet been diagnosed) |
|
|
Term
| Multifocal, multicentric brown-pigmented papules located on the perineum, perianal and labia minora is classic for…? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chronic, unrelenting skin infection causing deep, painful scars and foul discharge? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Multiple shiny, non-pigmented papules with central umbilication. Dx? |
|
Definition
| Molluscum contagiosum (pox virus) |
|
|
Term
| Greatest risk factor for VIN? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is considered the standard of care in all pts with advanced ovarian cancer in the US? |
|
Definition
| post-operative chemo with a combo of a taxane and a platinum adjunct |
|
|
Term
| Most common ovarian tumor found in women of all ages? |
|
Definition
| dermoid tumor—mixed tumor (cystic and solid), mobile |
|
|
Term
| Most common site of monastic disease in pts with gestational trophoblastic disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Three components of the Triple Screen? |
|
Definition
| AFP, Beta-hCG, and unconjugated estriol |
|
|
Term
| What risks are a/w valproic acid in pregnancy? |
|
Definition
| neural tube defects, hydrocephalus, craniofacial malformations |
|
|
Term
| What is the combined test used for first trimester screening of Down syndrome? |
|
Definition
| nuchal translucency measurement with maternal serum PAPP-A and free Beta hCG |
|
|
Term
| What fetal complication is a/w preexisting diabetes rather than gestational diabetes? |
|
Definition
| IUGR (intrauterine growth restriction) |
|
|
Term
| What are the goal blood sugar ranges (fasting and post-meal) for pts with gestational diabetes? |
|
Definition
fasting: <90
1- and 2-hour post-meal: <120 |
|
|
Term
| What is caudal regression syndrome? |
|
Definition
| rare syndrome observed in offspring of poorly controlled diabetics |
|
|
Term
| What is the most appropriate next step in management of a 37 WGA female with suspected placental abruption, who is effaced and 3 cm dilated and is, after fluid resuscitation, stable and showing reassuring FHRT? |
|
Definition
| vaginal delivery with augmentation of labor (oxytocin) if necessary |
|
|
Term
| In the case of placental abruption when is C-section indicated? |
|
Definition
| only when there are obstetric indications, or when there is rapid deterioration of the sate of either mother or fetus and labor is in an early stage |
|
|
Term
| Most appropriate next step in management for a pt who goes into eclamptic seizures? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Classic symptoms of uterine fibroids? |
|
Definition
| dysmenorrhea, heavy menses, and an enlarged uterus; infertility is also a common presenting symptom (submucosal) |
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Term
|
Definition
| high risk pregnancies, maternal or physician concerns, decreased fetal movements, or a non-reactive NST |
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 parameters used to determine BPP? |
|
Definition
(1) Non-stress testing
(2) Fetal tone
(3) Fetal movements
(4) Fetal breathing
(5) Amniotic fluid index |
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Term
| What test is used for evaluation of precocious puberty? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the cause of primary hypogonadism? |
|
Definition
| impaired follicular development (follicles are main source of estrogen) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tx for moderate DUB without active bleeding? |
|
Definition
| iron supplementation + progestin |
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|
Term
| Tx for severe DUB or a moderate case with active bleeding? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which Ab titer indicates the presence of more antibodies—1:4 or 1:16 |
|
Definition
1:16
second number indicates the number of times the solution had to be diluted for the Ab to reach near undetectable levels |
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Term
|
Definition
| prevents maternal isoimmunization by binding the D antigens on fetal blood in the maternal circulation, thereby preventing the mother's immune system from reacting to them |
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Term
| At what antibody titer does RhoGAM become ineffective? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When is RhoGAM administration indicated? |
|
Definition
| unsensitized Rh-negative women routinely at 28 WGA and within 72 hours of any procedure or incident when there is a chance of feto-maternal blood mixing |
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|
Term
| What is needed to confirm the diagnosis of Premature ovarian failure? |
|
Definition
| elevated FSH levels (in menopausal range) in the context of ≥3 months of amenorrhea |
|
|
Term
| At what blood pressure is PreE considered severe? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When do the majority of cases of eclampsia occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When would emergency C-section be indicated in the setting of placenta previa? |
|
Definition
| extended or massive bleeding, regardless of gestational age |
|
|
Term
| Risk factors for cervical insufficiency |
|
Definition
| prior GYN surgery (LEEP, cone bx), prior ob trauma, multiple gestation, Mullerian anomalies, hx of preterm birth or a second-trimester pregnancy loss |
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|
Term
| Endometriosis most frequently affects which sites? |
|
Definition
| ovaries, peritoneal surfaces of the cul-de-sac, broad and uterosacral ligaments and rectovaginal septum |
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|
Term
| Etiology of Symmetric IUGR (i.e., fetal factors) |
|
Definition
• Chromosomal abnormalities
• Congenital anomalies
• Congenital infections (TORCH) |
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|
Term
| Etiology of Asymmetric IUGR (i.e., maternal factors) |
|
Definition
• Maternal HTN
• Preeclampsia
• Uterine anomalies
• Maternal antiphospholipid syndrome
• Collagen vascular disease
• Maternal cigarette smoking |
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|
Term
| Which atypical antipsychotic medication, commonly used to treat schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, has the strongest a/w hyperprolactinemia? |
|
Definition
| Risperidone—inhibits DA and increased prolactin levels to a greater extent than do many of the other antipsychotics |
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|
Term
| For which type of abortion is serial testing of beta hCG levels performed? |
|
Definition
| complete abortion—to ascertain that nothing remains in the uterus |
|
|
Term
| How is arrest of descent defined? |
|
Definition
| lack of change for 2 hours in primigravid pts and 1 hour in multigravid pts |
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