Tetrahedral 

All σ Bonds

 sp³ About Carbons

109 angles

Lewis

Condensed

Abbreviated Line

Combustion: Produces CO₂+H₂O

Substitution: One atom replaces H on a hydrocarbon. Req. catalyst or UV.

Dehydrogenation (elimination): Makes alkenes and alkynes + H. Requires heat, catalyst, pressure.  

Cracking

Isomerization

Ring Structure

No double bonds

bond angles dependent upon ring size

sp³ Hybridization

Mirror image

Rotate planar polarized light

Geometric Isomer

Larger portion of CH groups on same side of double bond.

Geometric Isomer

Larger portion of CH groups on opposite sides of main chain.

Alkenes and Alkynes

-Bonds

-Hybridization

-Geometry

1 pi and 1 sigma

sp²

trigonal planar

Alkynes

Bonds

Hybridization

Geometry

Triple Bond: 1σ 2∏

sp hybridization

linear about triple bond

Hydrogenation

Halogenation: double or triple bond opens up to add both atoms of a halogen.

Addtion of Hydrohalogen: H-rich get H-richer

Addition of water: Alkenes form alcohols. OH enters at double bond H fills in the hydrogen richer C.

Benzene

Bonds

Hybridization

Geometry

1 double, 2 single

sp² hybridization

trigonal planar 120 degree 

1. Assign a zero for each bond to another carbon atom.

2. assign a -1 for each bond to an H atom.

3. Assign a +1 for each bond to N, O, S, or halogen

Add them up to get each C's oxidation number.

Alcohols

Suffix

Major IM forces

Solubility

"-ol"

Hydrogen Bonds

Very soluble at lower molar masses 

Alcohol Synthesis

HOH+alkenes

Methanol from CO+H₂

Alcohol Chemical Properties

Oxidation:

Primary alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes and carboxylic acids.

Secondary alcohols can be oxidized to ketones.

Tertiary alcohols do not oxidize.

Elimination (dehydration):

Remove H₂O

Substitution:

Halogens can replace -OH's

Ethers

Suffix

Bond Angle

Major IM force

" _ether"

109

dipole-dipole (low BP)

Amines

Suffix

Odor

Acid or Base

Major IM Force

Solubility

"-amine"

Fishy

weak base

H Bonding

very soluble up to 3 or 4 C's

Aldehydes

Suffix

Major IM Force

Synthesis

"-al"

Dipole-dipole

Oxidation of primary alcohols w/ permanganate or dichromate.

Ketones

Suffix

Synthesis

Major IM Force

"-one"

Oxidation of secondary alcohols

Dipole-dipole

Carboxylic Acids

Suffix

Group

Major IM Forces

Synthesis

Solubility

"-oic acid"

-COOH

Dipole-dipole and H-Bonding

Oxidizing aldehydes, oxidizing primary alcohols

High solubility

Esters

Suffix

Group

Synthesis

Properties

"-ate"

-COO-

Esterification: organic acid + alcohol

Sweet, fruity odor

Amides

Suffix

Group

"-amide"

-CON-