Endocrine

The vital function of the endocrine system is the production and regulation of hormones

Hormones

Chemical transmitters that regulate different body functions including growth, development, mood, tissue function, metabolism and sexual functions in both males and females.

Endocrine glands

Secretes substances with the boy fo rthe purpose of maintaining homeostais. ex. thyroid gland

Exocrine glands

Secretes substances to the outside of the body. ex. sweat glands

Negative feedback

The body acts to reverse the direction of change to regain or maintain homeostasis. ex. body activates the sweat glands of the exocrine system to produce sweat.

Positive Feedback

Encourages stimuli to continue or even accelerate, which also helps maintain homeostatis. ex. during childbirth there is an accelerated release of the hormone oxytocin.

Hypothalamus

• Situated inside center of brain (below the thalamus)
• Similar in size and shape to an almond
• Connection between endocrine and nervous system

 Helps control body temperature 

ADH

Antidiuretic hormone - responsible for increasing water absorption in the blood by the kidneys.

OXT

Oxytocin - plays key roll in childbirth and influences our ability to trust and bond with others

Pituitary Gland

• located near base of brain in the sella turcica
• called the "master gland"
• regulated all the endocrine glands
• attached to the hypothalamus by infundibulim stalk; consist of anterior and posterior lobe 

Anterior lobe (Pituitary glad)

(means the same as adenohypophysis)

Secretes several hormones that are essential for the growth and development of bones, muscles, organs, sex glands, the thyroid gland and the adrenal cortex.

• Growth hormone (GH)
• Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) 
• Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
• Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
• Luteinizing hormone (LH)
• Prolactin (PRL)

Growth hormone (GH)

(also called somatotropic hormone)

Somato meaning body and tropic meaning growth

• Essential for the growth and development of bones and muscles and other organs in chidren
• In adults, enhances bone and muscle mass and promotes destruction of fats (lipolysis) 

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Growth and development of middle and inner parts of adrenal cortex (adrenal cortex located on top of each kidney)

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

• Controls growth and development of thyroid gland
• Stimulates production of thyroid hormones

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Gonadotropic - Gonad: testies and ovaries / tropic: growth

Stimulates growth of ovarian follicles and eggs in femlaes and reproduction of sperm in males

• It works in conjuction with luteinizing hormone (LH) 

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

• Gonandotropic hormone
• Maturation process of ovarian follicle and stimulates development of corpus luteum (females)
• Produces progesterone to build up the wall of the uterus
• Production of testosterone (males)

Completes the process so egg (ovum) can be fertilized 

Prolactin (PRL)

(also known as lactogenic)

Lacto: milk /  Genic: production

Gonadotropic hormone

Stimulates mammary gland to produce milk after childbirth

Menanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)

Controls skin pigmentation in the epidermis

Posterior lobe

(in the pituitary gland)

Posterior lobe (neurohypophysis) is responsble for storing and secreting the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin (OXT) which is produced by the hypothalamus. (p. 692)

Pineal gland

• Located at posterior end of corpus callosum
• Secretes melatonin
• Melatonin released at night  and helps regulate the circadian rhythm (cycle of sleep)
• Helps regulate reproductive cycle by  by  blocking LH and FSH (p. 692) 

Normal Blood Sugar

100 ml for deciliter

When is sugar too low?

under 50

Diabetes

High blood sugar - condition in which the body is unable to produce enough insulin to properly control blood sugar levels by vonverting sugar and starches into energy

What should be your sugar level 2 hours after eating?

140

What should be your sugar level while fasting?

100

Glucose

Sugar that comes from carbohydrates

Insulin

Hormone made by the pancreas that allows the body to use the sugars in the carbohydrates that you ate.

What does the liver do with glucose?

The liver is a storage center that releases glucose to keep levels normal

Type 1 Diabetes

Insulin dependent - The immune system, which normally attacks bacteria and viruses destroys the insulin producing cells in the pancreas caused by genetic susceptibility and environmental factors.

Type 2 Diabetes

The body's cells become resistant to the action of the insulin and pancreas is unable to make enough insulin to over come this resistance.

NOT insulin dependent.

What percent of people have type 2 diabetes?

95%

Gestational Diabetes

- Develops during pregnancy and like other forms afffect the way the body's cells use sugar.

- Blood sugar levels normally return to normal levels after delivery but always a risk of type 2 diabetes

Symptoms of Diabetes

- Increase in thrist and urination

-Weight loss

-Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) response the body switches to burning fatty acids and producing acidic ketone bodies that cause most of the symptoms and complications

-Fatigue

-Damage to body

-Slow wound healing

-Urine smells sweet due to excess sugar

What are 2 main areas affected by diabetes?

Damage to kidney and eyes

How to diagnose diabetes?

Random Blood Sugar (RBS)

Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS)

What test measures your sugar level?

Hemoglobin A1C (glycated)

What is the life span of a red blood cell?

3 months

Gynecomastia

Male disease and is any growth of the adpose (fatty) and glandular tissue in a male breast.

Homeostatis

Result  of an organism's systems working together to maintain balance or equilibrium by adjusting for constant changes

Hypercalcemia

Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood usually more than 10.5 milligrams per deciliter of blood.

Hyperglycemia

High blood sugar level

Hypoglycemia

Low blood sugar level

Hypothyroidism

Condition in which the thyroid produces inadequate amouns of hormones, which can lead to enlarged thyroid gland (no thyroxine - T4)

Hyperthyroidism

Condition in which the thyroid produces excee amount of hormones, potentially leading to exophthalmos, papitations, atrial fibrillation, enlarment of the heart, and congestive heart failure.

Hashimototo's thyroiditis

Autoimmune inflammation of the thyroid that couses hypothyroidism and goiter.

Hypogonadism

Abonormally increase functional activity of the gonands with excessive growth and precocious sexual development.

Hyperpituitarism

 Increase activity of the pituitary gland

Achondroplasia

The most common cause of dwarfism or significantly abnormal short stature

Acromegaly

Hormonal disorder that results from the overpoduction of qrowth hormone (GH) by the pituitary gland, most commonly affecting middle-aged adults

Adenohypophysis

The anterior of glandular portion of the pituitary gland

Addison's disease

Conditon in which the cortex of the adrenal gland is damages, decreasing the production of adrenocortical hormones (ACH), usually resulting from an autoimmune disorder but also caused by infection, cancer or hemorrhage into the glands.

Adenoma

A benign epithelial tumor in which the cells from recognizable glandular structures or in witch the cells are derived from glandular epithlium.

Adenopathy

Swelling or mobid enlargement of the lymph nodes.

Adrenalectomy

Surgical removal o fone of both of the adrenal glands.

Aldosterone

Mineralocorticoid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex.

Alpha cells

Secretes the hormone glucagon help breakdown glycogen to glucose, increases blood sugar.

Cardiomegaly

enlargement of the heart

Cushing's disease

Rare disorder that develops when too much cortisol is released by the adrenal cortex as a result of stimulation of the pituitary

Cretinism

Arrested physical and mental development with dystrophy of bones and soft tisues due to congenial lack of thyroid secretion.

Cortisol

Steroid essential in metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and protein - increase blood sugar levels - acts as antiinflmmatory agent

Endocrinopathy

Any disease due to disorder of the endocrine system.

Exophthalmos

Condition produced by hyperthyroidism in which the eyeballs protrude beyond their normal protective orbit because of swellin in the tissues behind them

Gluconeogenesis

The formation of glucose espeically by the liver from non-carbohydrates sources, such as amino acids

Gigantism

Condition in which excesive gorwth hormone is secreted during childhood, before the closure of the bone growth plates, causing overgrowth of the long bones, muscles, and organs usually caused by a pituitary gland tumor 

Goiter

An enlarged thyroid gland, most commonly caused by Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and autoimmune inflammation of the thyroid.

Glucagon

a polypeptide hormone secreted by the alpha cells of the islets of langerhans in response to hypoglycemia

Parathyroid glands

*Four parathroid glands*located within posterior surface of thyroid gland* size and shape of a grain of rice (3-5 mm in diameter)*secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH, parathormone)*PTH responsible for amount of calcium stored in bones and amount of calcium circulating throughout bloodstream.

Polydipsia

Excessive thirst that is relatively prolonged

Progesterone

A female hormone important for the regulation of ovulation and menstruation

Thymitis

Inflamattion of the thymus gland

Thyrotoxicosis

Excessive quantities of endogenous or exogenous thyroid hormone

Responsible for 3 hormones:T4, T3, Calcitonin

Responsible for body metabolism*located anterior to trachea, just below thyroid cartilage (adams apple)* two lobes give gland its butterfly shaped appearance*responsible for secreting three hormones*thyroxine (T4) and tri-iodothyronine (T3) (metabolic rate)* essential for maintenance and regulation of basal metabolic rate (BMR)*increasing cellular energy production, protein synthesis, repair of tissue damage*Calcitonin

Thymoma

Most common tumor of the thymus

Thyroid Storm

A crisis of uncontrolled thyrotoxicosis caused by the release into the bloodstream of increased amounts of thyroid hormone

Testosterone

The principle male hormone

Thymopoietin

 a protein that is important for the function of the thymus and thymus is a hormone secreted by thymus for the stimulation of T-cells

Dwarfism

A pathological condition of arrested growth having various causes

Islets of Langerhans

Clusters of cells in the pancreas that secrete glucagons, insulin, and somatostatin

Lipolysis

The splitting up or decomposition of fat

Myxedema

rare, life-threatening condition that results from long-term untreated hypothyroidism

Thymus Gland

Lymphoid tisue located in the chest, in the anterior mediastinum, that manufactures infection fighting t cells

Beta Cells

Secretes insulin, lower blood sugar