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Definition
Uses: makes tetrahydrafolate, transfers single carbon groups from serine, glycine, and histidine to amino acids, purines, thimidine
Causes of folic acid deficiency: pregnancy, alcoholism, poor absorption, treatment with dihydrafolate reductase inhibitors such as methotrexate
Symptoms: Megaloblastic anemia caused by a build up of immature RBCs in bone marrow, neural tube defects |
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Definition
Cobalmin is active form, uses corrin rings to surround cobalt
Used in odd numbered fatty acid oxidation and is a cofactor for methylmalonyl coa mutase
Used in the regeneration of homocysteine/methionine as a cofactor for homocysteine methyltransferase
Sources: can only be obtained from animal products because produced by microorganisms; found in liver, whole milk, eggs, oysters, shrimp, pork, and chicken
Deficiency is usually caused by a lack of intrinsic factor which is produced by parietal cells in the stomach to help uptake B12 in the duodenum
Symptoms: Pernicious anemia, megaloblastic anemia, CNS symptoms including dementia, difficulty with balance, depression, neuropathy. soreness of mouth and tongue also occur. |
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Definition
Vitamin C
Uses: Cofactor for hydroxylation reactions especially collagen formation, major watersoluble antioxidant, helps with iron absorption
Symptoms of deficiency: blood vessel fragility, hemorrage of gingiva, nails, etc. SCURVY, bruising, petechiae around hair follicles |
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Definition
Pyridoxine (collective term for pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine; pyridoxine from plants); biologically useful as pyridoxal phosphate
Uses: cofactor for transamination (ex glutamate--> alpha ketoglutarate), Deamination (ex serine --> pyruvate + NH3), decarboxylation (ex histidine --> histamine + CO2), Condensation (ex glycine + succinyl coa in hemoglobin)
Deficiency: Rare; found in infants with formula low in B6, alcoholics, women taking oral contraceptives, ISONIAZID TX FOR TB
Symptoms: Neuropathy, glossitis |
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Definition
Vitamine B1; Active form is thiamine pyrophosphate
Uses: Coenzyme for dehydrogenation reactions (ex pyruvate dehydrogenase, alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase) and transketolase ( r-5-p -->G-3-P in PPP)
Symptoms: BERIBERI - in children very serious, causes vomitting, nausea, tachycardia, convulsions and death; in adults causes dry skin, edema, paralysis, difficulty swallowing; mainly found in places where main food is polished rice
Wernicke Korsokoff Syndrome - mainly found in alcoholics, dry skin, nystagmus, |
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Definition
Niacin
Uses: make NAD and NADP; used in almost every chemical reaction, NAD is especially important in degredation of AAs, FAs, alcohol, and carbs; NADP is used in FA synthesis
Symptoms: Deficiency causes PELLAGRA; 4 Ds: dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death |
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Definition
Riboflavin
Uses: Make FMN and FAD; energy production, metabolism of drugs and toxins, antioxidant, protect against cataracts, maintains mucous membranes, activates B6, promotes health of hair, skin, and nails
Symptoms: Deficiency causes impaired iron absorption, mouth ulcers chialisis, purple tongue |
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Definition
Works with B2, B3, B6
Uses: makes glycogen, FA synthesis, and detoxification
Found: Bacteria in the intestines, food
*Blocked by raw egg white |
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Term
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Definition
Uses: make CoA and acyl carries protein; cofactor for fatty acid synthase, fatty acyl coa synthase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
*NO RDA, rare deficiency
Sources: liver, eggs, yeast, lots of stuff |
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Definition
Retinol
related to the retinoids: retinol, retinal, retinoic acid, and derived from beta carotene
Retinol and retinal are interconvertible (oxidation produces retinal from retinol); retinoic acid made from oxidation of retinal but not interconveritable |
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Term
| Absorption and Circulation of Vitamin A |
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Definition
Ingested retinol esters are digested and make free fatty acids and retinol
-Retinol is reesterified into FA chains and transported to the liver via chylomicrons
- Retinol is stored in liver
-Transported from the liver to tissues while attached to RBP
- Receptor mediated uptake in cells
- Receptor is similar to steroid hormone receptor |
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Term
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Definition
-retinoic acid main derivative except for in eyes which need RETINAL
- 11-cis-retinal binds opsin to make rhodopsin
- rhodopsin is a pigment in the eye
- light cleaves rhodopsin leaving free opsin for regeneration and 11 cis retinal
- Retinoic acid used for maintenance of epithelial tissues, growth ( deprivation causes decreased bone growth and CNS malformation)
- Retinal and Retinol important in spermatogenesis and stopping fetal reabsorption |
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Definition
liver, kidney, cream, butter, egg yolk (preformed Vit A)
dark green and yellow fruits and vegetables are sources of beta carotene |
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Definition
- night blindness
- dry conjuctiva/ulcerations |
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Definition
High doses: used for treatment of psoriasis and acne
- high beta carotene associated with lower heart disease, lung and skin cancers, cataracts, and macular degeneration
Toxicity: FAT SOLUBLE so highly stored, congenital malformation in pregnancy, increased intracranial pressure, cirrhotic liver, dry skin,
- excess of 7.5mg/day
- acne drug isoretinoin (accutane) causes severe birth defects |
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Definition
1,25-OHD3 is active form in body
- Ergocalciferol from plants (D2) and Cholecalciferol animals (D3)
-Formed in the skin by light and 7-dehydrocholesterol
- increased production of active D3 in kidney in response to low Ca, low phosphate, and increased parathyroid hormone
- decreased by presence of excess active D3 and calcitonin
Sources: Fatty fish, liver, egg yolk
Deficiency: in children - rickets, pigeon chest, beadling, spinal deformity, bow legs; in adults - osteomalacia
**** RDA; 200IU/DAY OR 5MG D2 (ERGOCALCIFEROL)
*** MOST TOXIC - can deposit in organs, FAT SOLUBLE, leaches from bones, loss of appetite, nausea, thirst |
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Term
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Definition
used for posttranslational modification of clotting factors 2, 5, 7, 9, 10 and prothrombin
-procoagulant
- found in cabbage, cauliflower, spinach, egg yolk, and liver; also synthesized by bacteria in the gut
- no RDA, but SUGGESTED (AI) 70-140 mg/day
TOXICITY: too much causes hemolytic anemia, jaundice in infants, toxic to membranes of RBCs |
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Term
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Definition
Family of 8 naturally occuring tocopherols, alpha-tocopherol is most active
Sources: vegetable oil, liver, eggs
RDA: 10mg/day men and 8 mg/day women
Deficiency: only in infants, no supplimentation needed |
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Definition
| essential for hemoglobin and myoglobin |
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Term
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Definition
| thyroid hormone, reduced mental and physical development, increased prenatal and perinatal mortality |
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Term
| Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) |
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Definition
| average daily intake estimate to meet the requirement of 50% of healthy individuals |
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| Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) |
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Definition
| average daily intake level sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all individuals in a life stage and gender |
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Definition
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Definition
| highest avg daily intake likely to pose no risk of adverse efects to almost all individuals in a population |
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