Macronutrients

 Large nutrients that consist of Carbohydrates (breaks into simple sugars), Lipids (fats), and Proteins (builds muscle); provide energy to maintain body function during all physical activity, maitain structure and function integrity, biological fuels

Atoms in the Body

Building blocks- 103 in natural elelments (in humans= 3% Nitrogen, 10% Hydrogen, 18% Carbon, 65% Oxygen)

-2/more atoms= a molecule;

-Chemical bonding- sharing of electrons between atoms

-Altering forces of the molecule releases energy

Substances

when 2/more molecules are chemically bonded together

-properites include: solids, liquids, and gases

Carbon

 Versatile Element- All nutrients contain Carbon except water and minerals. Almost all in the body contain C-containing organic compounds. C-atoms combine with other C-atoms, to form large C-chain molecules

-C+H+O=lipids and Carbs

-Addition of N and minerals= protein

-C+H+O+N= atomic building blocks

Carbohydrates

Atoms of Carbon, Oxygen, and Hydrogen

-Include Monosaccharides, Dissacharides, and Polysaccharides

-Plants are major source of Carbs for humans

-made of C+H2O=sugar mole (CH2O)n; n=3 to 7 C-atoms

Glucose

"ose" = sugar; (C6H12O6)

-6 Carbon, 12 H, and 6O

Monosacharides

1 sugar Molecule

3C= triose

4C=tetrose

5C=pentose

6C=hexose

7C=heptose

-includes glucose, fructose (sweetest), and galactose

Disaccharides

combining 2 monosaccharides

-Each includes glucose as a principle component:

-Sucrose- 25% of caloric intake, naturally in most foods containing carbohydrates

-Lactose- natural form only in milk

-Maltose- 2 glucose molecules; in beer, cereals, and germinating seeds

Metabolic Syndrome

having 3/more of the criteria indicated by table 1.2; afflicts more than 1 in 3 Americans. Concurrence of 4 factors:

1. Disturbed glucose and insulin metabolism

2. Overweight and abdominal fat distribution

3. Mild dislipidemia

4. Hypertension

Metabolic Syndrome Table 1.2

1. Abdominal obesity- Men (>102cm);  Women (>88cm)

2. Triacylglycerols- > or equal to 150 mg.dL-1

3. HDL Cholestrol- Men (<40 mg.dL-1); Women (<50 mg.dL-1)

4. Blood Pressure > or equal to 130/ 85mm.Hg

5. Fasting Blood glucose- > or equal to 110 mg.dL-1

Gluconeogenesis

Glucose synthesis largely from noncarbohydrate nutrients (protein to glucose)

-synthesizing glucose in the liver from carbon skeletons of specific amino acids and from glycerol, pyruvate, and lactate

Glucogenesis

glycogen synthesizes from glucose (glucose to glycogen)

Glucogenolysis

glucose formation from glycogen (glycogen to glucose)

-provides rapid extramuscular glucose supply

Ketosis

Excessive ketone formation increases body fluid acidity, a harmful condition called acidosis, or with regard to fat breakdown, ketosis

Kinds of Lipids (fats)

1) Simple: Neutral fats- triglycerols (most plentiful); waxes (beeswax)

2) Compound: Phospholipids (lecithind, cephalins, lipositols), Glycolipids (cerebrosides, gangliosides), Lipoproteins (Chylomicrons, VDLs, LDLs, HDLS)

3) Derived: Fatty acids (palmitic, oleic, Stearic, linoleic), Steriods (cholesterol, ergostrol, cortisol, bile, vitamin D, estrogen, progesterone, androgens), hydrocarbons (terpenes)

Saturated fats

single covalent bonds between C atoms; all remaining atoms attach to H; holds as many H atoms as possible

-In animals: beef (52%), lamb, chicken, pork, etc, egg yolk, butter, dairy fats

-In plants: coconut, palm oil, vegetable shortening, hydrogenated margarine

Non-saturated fats

1/more double bonds along main C-chain; less H atoms remain

-Mono and Poly unsaturated

from canola oil, olive oil (77%), peanut oil, from almonds, pecans, avocodos, safflower, sunflower, soybean, and corn oil

HDL Role in Cholesterol

LDL Role in Cholesterol

Low-density Lipoprotein- greatest % of lipid (95%), which 60% of is triacylglycerol- more lipid and less protein; "Bad Cholesterol"

-between 60-80% total serum cholesterol, has greatest affinity for cells of the arterial wall. It delivers cholesterol to arterial tissue, where LDL oxidizes and damages arteries

Nature of Proteins

-10 to 12kg of protein in the body (most in skeletal myo mass)

-resemble carbs and lipids because they contain C, O, and H

-Polymerizes from amino acids "building blocks" peptide bonds link amino acids (AAs)

-2 joined AAs= dipeptide, 3=tripeptide, linear configuration up to 100=polypeptide, more than 100= protein

Nature of Proteins Continued

-50,000 protein-containing compounds exist in the body

-each of 20 AAs has a positively charged amine group at 1 end and a negatively charged group at the other end

-amine group= 2 H atoms + N =NH2

-acidic group- 1 C atom + 2 O + 1 H =COOH

Fat-Soluble Vitamins

Dissolved and stored in fatty tissues without need to consume them daily; years may elapse before a vitamin insufficiency may surface; have medical supervision while taking them

vitamins A, D, E, and K

Water-Soluble Vitamins

act as coenzymes (act with larger compounds to form an actice enzyme to accelerate interconversion of chemical compounds); consist of C,H, and O

-C and B-complex vitamins

Homocysteine

Amino acid that can cause homocystinuria (premature arterial hardening and death from heart attack or stroke) if an excess is present ; everyone has homocysteine, but normally it converts from folate, B6, and B12 to nondamaging amino acids

A- Mechanism: protein-rich foods contain methionine that converts  to homocysteine. Excess of homocysteine damages the lining of arteries. Cholesterol builds up

B- Defense: Consume vitamins in fresh food and in supplements that degrade homocysteine (B vitamins) B12 in meat, fish, and dairy, B6 in green veggies, poultry, nuts, whole grain, cereals, and fish, and Folic Acid in veggies, fruits, OJ, wheat germ, dried beans, and peas

Filtration

Type of Passive Transport Proces in which water and its solutes flow passively from a region of high hydrostatic pressure to low hydrostatic pressure

Osmolality

 Concentration of particles in solution, expressed as osmolal units of particles or ions formed when a solute dissociates

-Isotonic- neither gains/loses (what we want)

-Hypertonic- higher concentration out

-Hypotonic- higher concentration in

Role of Carbohydrates

-Energy source

-Preservation of tissue protein

-Metabolic primer

-Fuel for central nervous system

Nature of Lipids

-Heterogenous group of compounds

-oils, fats, waxes, & related compounds

-Lipid molecules contain the same srtuctural elements as carbohydrates

Osteoporosis

Loss of bone with a bone density greater than 2.5 standard deviations below normal for age and gender

-a significant association between myo strength and bone density exists

Osteopenia

a midway condition where bones weaken with increased fracture risk

-Aqequate calcium intake and regular weight-bearing exercise or resistance training will help prevent bone loss

Female Triad

Usually begins with disordere eating and leads to amenorrhea and osteoporosis

-Women who train intensely and cut calories below energy requirements may adversely affect menstruation

-Oligomenorrhea-irregular cycles

-Amenorrhea- cessation of menstruation

-Usually show advanced bone loss at early ages

-Restoration of menstruation does not totally restore bone mass

Iron

Micronutrient and structural component of myoglobin and cytochromes; mostly combined with hemoglobin in RBCs

Water

Constitutes 40-70% of total body mass

Muscle contains 65-75% water by weight; water represents only about 50% of the weight of body fat;

-62% in intracellular compartment, 38% in extracellular compartment in the plasma, lymph, and other fluids outside the cell

Roles of Water

-Provides structure and form to the body

-Regulates temperature

-Provides a medium for substances to interact chemically

-Transports Oxygen and nutrients

Sodium-Potassium Pump

Action potential

-E from ATP pump's ions against gradient through the membrane by a specialized carrier enzyme ATPase (serves as pumping mechanism)

-Concentrations about the membrane for normal nerve and muscle functions, ions continually move against normal gradients.

-Na goes outside and K goes inside the cell.

-Countering normal tendency provides the biological way to establish normal gradients for proper nerve and muscular stimulation

Risk Factors for Osteoporosis

Advanced age, White or Asian female, slight build or underweight, anorexia nervosa or bulemia nervosa, sedentary lifestyle, postmenopause including early or surgically induced menopause, low teststerone level, high protein intake, excess sodium intake, cigarette smoking

Sucrose

Lactose

Maltose

2 glucose molecules; occurs in beer, cereals, and germinating seed; also called malt sugar

Polysaccharides

Plant Polysacc. (Starch)

Plant Polysacc. (Fiber)

Nonstarch ploysacc.; includes cellulose, most abundant organic molecule on Earth. Resist hydrolysis by human digestive enzymes

Hyperglycemia

High blood sugar

Hypoglycemia

Low blood sugar