Extracellular = 37%

Intracellular = 63%

2/3

50-70%

Na/K pump

Osmosis

FUNCTIONS:

Metabolism

Solvent

Thermoregulation

Removal of Waste

Lubrication

K⁺

Mg²⁺

PO₄^-

SO₄^-

Na⁺

Ca²⁺

Cl^-

HCO₃^- (Bicarbonate)

Body size

physical activity

environment

diet

Water

Adequate Intake

male = 15 cups/day

female = 11 cups/day

Breathing (lungs)

Urine

Perspiration

Feces

Skin

Triggers Thirst Mechanism

Dehydration

athletes

sick

older adults

ADH released by pituitary

Reduced urine output by kidney

Decreased BP triggers renin-angiotensin system

Fatigue

Decreased physiological function

Decreased heat tolerance

Weakness

Coma

Death

NOT COMMON

Overwhelms kidneys

Headaches

Blurred vision

Cramps

Convulsions

FUNCTIONS:

Cofactors

Component of body compounds (hemoglobin)

Transmission of Action Potentials

Body Growth & Development

Water Balance

Almost all ingested sodium is absorbed

Stomach, Colon, SI

Regulated by kidney

Sodium remains in blood stream

FUNCTIONS:

Cation in ECF

Key for retaining water

Nutrient absorption

electrical potential charge

muscle contraction

action potentials

FOOD SOURCES:

Table Salt - 10%

Processed foods - 80%

Naturally present - 10%

40% sodium

60% chloride

Sodium

Adequate Intake

adults = 1500 mg/day

older adults = 1200-1300 mg/day

Minimum requirement = 500mg/day

Sodium

Daily Value

Sodium

Average Intake

2300-4700mg/day

Sodium

Upper Limit

2300 mg/day

~95% of americans exceed

RARE:

Can be caused by persistent vomiting, diarrhea or perspiration

Muscle cramps

Nausea/vomiting

Dizziness

Shock

Coma

Hypertension

Increased Calcium excretion

Kidney Stones

FUNCTIONS:

Lowers BP

Fluid Balance

Action Potentials

Muscle contraction

FOOD SOURCES:

Fruits

Vegetables

Milk

Grain

Meat

Dry beans

Potassium

Adequate Intake

Potassium

Daily Value

Potassium

Average Intake

Potassium

Upper Limit

RARE:

Can be life threatening

Loss of appetite

muscle cramps

confusion

constipation

increase Ca²⁺ excretion

FUNCTIONS:

Component of HCl

Immunity

Nerve Function

Transport of carbon dioxide

FOOD SOURCES:

Seaweed

Olives

Rye

Some Fruits and Veggies

Table Salt

Chlorinated Water

Chloride

Adequate Intake

Chloride

Daily Value

Chloride

Average Intake

Chloride

Upper Limit

RARE:

May be caused by high salt intake and persistent vomiting

120-139 Systolic

80-89 Diastolic

140-159 Systolic

90-99 Diastolic

Weight loss

DASH diet

Aerobic Activity

Decreased Sodium intake

Decreased Alcohol intake

25% of calcium in food is absorbed

Requires acidic environment

Upper SI

Estrogen, parathyroid and lactose all aid absorption

Rapid intestinal motility

Increased fiber, phosphorous, polyphenols in teas, phytic acid

Decreased Vitamin D

Menopause, aging

Achlorhydria

Oxalate

Storage of Ca

In bones mostly.

Blood concentration is tightly regulated

PTH

FOOD SOURCES:

Diary

Fortified foods

Greens

Tofu

Canned fish (w/bones)

Calcium

Adequate Intake

Calcium

Daily Value

Calcium

Average Intake

FUNCTIONS:

Bone Development/maintenance

Blood clotting (converts prothrombin to thrombin)

action potentials

muscle contraction

cell metabolism

decreased risk of colon cancer

fewer kidney stones

decreased lead absorption

lowers BP

improved blood lipids

decreased PMS symptoms

possible weight loss

Calcium

Upper limit

70% of intake is absorbed via passive absorption.

Calcitriol enhances absorption as well as concentration of phosphorous in lumen.

FOOD SOURCES:

Milk

Cheese

Meat

Bakery products

Cereals

Phosphorous

Adequate Intake

Phosphorous

Daily Value

Phosphorous

Average Intake

Phosphorous

Upper Limit

FUNCTIONS:

Support bone and teeth (80%)

part of every cell

ATP

DNA, RNA

phospholipids

acid/base balance

RARE:

Chronic deficiency = bone loss, decreased growth and poor tooth development

premies

alcoholics

elderly

chronic diarrhea

use of Aluminum containing antacids

May complicate poor kidney function

Phosphate binds Calcium and may compound bone loss if calcium is low.

40-60% is absorbed

Enhanced by Vitamin D and Phytates

Calcium may interfere with absorption.

FOOD SOURCES:

Whole grains

Veggies

Nuts

Seeds

Less significant:

Hard tap water

Dark chocolate

meat

laxatives

antacids

Magnesium

RDA

men = 400 mg/day

women = 310 mg/day

(add 10-20 mg after age 30)

Magnesium

Daily Value

Magnesium

Average Intake

Magnesium

Upper Limit

FUNCTIONS:

Activates ATP

Contributes to DNA/RNA synthesis

Potassium and Calcium absorption

Proper nerve and cardiac functions

Insulin release from pancreas

Irregular heart beat

weakness

muscle spasm

Increased risk of osteoporosis

Diuretic use

Heavy perspiration

chronic diarrhea/vomiting

alcoholism

Sulfur 

RDA

FUNCTIONS:

Synthesis of sulfur containing compounds

Stabilize structure of protein

Acid/base balance