Term
| What are the factors that affect nutrient requirements? |
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Definition
age
sex
genetic makeup
pregnancy/lactation
body size
lifestyle (smoking, exercise, alcohol, medications)
Diseases/condtions |
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Term
| What does nutritional status depend on? |
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Definition
| the balance of nutrient availability relative to need requirement. |
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Term
| What are the different nutritional statuses? |
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Definition
Optimal Function-
Marginal Function
Deficiency/Toxicity |
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Term
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Definition
| the balance of nutrient availability relative to need requirement supports optimal physiological function and nutrient stores reamain stable. |
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Term
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Definition
| the balance of nutrient availability relative to need requirements is out of balance, physio functions are impaired, and nutrient stores in body either increase or decrease. |
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Term
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Definition
| the balance of nutrient availability are significantly above (toxicity) or below (deficiency) optimal levels results in severe impairment of physio function. Nutrient stores are depleted or accumulated to dangerously high. |
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Term
| What are our bodies regulatory mechanisms for nutrient regulation? |
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Definition
small intestine- increase/decrease absorbtion
kidneys- increase/decrease excretion. |
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Term
| What is a nutritional assesment? |
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Definition
| evaluation and interpretations f various parameters that determine the risk of developing nutrition-related medical complications. |
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Term
| Parameters of a nutritional assessment? |
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Definition
-Anthropometric measures
-Biochemical measures
-clinical examination/medical history
-dietary intake. |
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Term
| What are the anthropometric measurements used? |
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Definition
weight&height- BMI
Body circumference
Body composistion. |
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Term
| What biochemical measures are used? |
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Definition
| Based on bio markers in biological specimens measured in blood, urine or feces. |
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Term
| What clinical examination/medical history measures are used? |
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Definition
Med history- includes med info on family to determine individual risk factors
clinical exam- signs and symptoms are indicators of nutr. status |
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Term
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Definition
how well a person's diet meetings their estimated nutritient req.
It can help identify changes that can be made to improve a persons health
Help control or manage a persons disease. |
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Term
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Definition
| Body mass index- calculation based on weight and height. BMI values are highly correlated wth body fat. Strong relationship between high BMI and risk of weight related death. |
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Term
| What is body circumference? |
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Definition
Waist circumference used to assess body fat distrubution patterns.
Accumulation of body fat in mid-abdominal region of body is associated with risk of certain chronic diseases (heart disease, type 2 diabetes) compared to fat stores in lower regions (thighs, hips) |
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Term
| What is body composistion? |
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Definition
Fat mass and fat free mass
- too much or too little body fat is a risk factor of many chronic degenerative diseases.
Men should have 8-20% BF
and women should have 15-30% BF
Bone mineral density= low bone density associated with increased risk of osteoporosis |
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Term
| What are the techniques for body comp measures? |
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Definition
Skinfold thickness used to estimate % BF
Densitometry measures density of whole body (mass/volume)
Hydrostatic weighing measures volume of water displaced when submerged
BodPod measures volume of air displaced.
DXA- xray beams of different intensities are absorbed based on tissue densisty.
Bioelectrical impedence- differentiated between fat and lean mass by measuring the conductivity of an electric current. |
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Term
| Examples of biochemical measures that assess nutritional status, diagnos disease, and monitor efficacy of nutritional management of health. |
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Definition
Prescence of blood in feces- colon cancer
Concentration of hemoglobin associated with RBC- iron statue
Glucose in urine- diabetes
Blood lipids- risk factor for atheroscierosis |
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Term
| What is the difference between signs and symptoms? |
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Definition
signs are observable- skin rash, sores
Symptoms are subjective complaints/changed that person describes (tired, constipation, headache_ |
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Term
| How do you determine symptoms? |
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Definition
| By asking the right questions |
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Term
| What are the four steps of dietary assessment? |
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Definition
1. Collect dietary Data
2. Assessing Dietary Data
3. Interpretation of Nutritional Adequacy
4. Tools for dietary Planinning. |
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Term
| What are the ways of collecting dietary data? |
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Definition
24 hr recal
Diet record
food freq questionaire |
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Term
| What is collecting dietary data (step 1)? |
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Definition
| it depends on people accurately remembering what and how much they ate. |
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Term
| How do you assess dietary data (step 2)?? |
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Definition
computer dietary software based on food composistion tables used to analyze dietary data.
-estamates:
nutrient intake, caloric intake, distrubution of calories, types of fatty acids |
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Term
| How do you interpret dietary data (step 3)? |
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Definition
| need to know whether these amounts are adequate to meet person's nutrient requirments. But we don't know each individuals nutrional requirments so we refer to Dietary reference intakes (DRI) |
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Term
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Definition
interviewer questions the individual about foods concumed in previous 24hours.
-only concerns food in recent past
-it is only one period of time and does not represent eating patterns. |
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Term
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Definition
| person records what they conseme, amounts, and it is over a specific time. It is prosepective (goes forward in time) , but labor intensive and that many alter eating patterns, may not record important infor (how it was prepared) and it is difficult to record serving size. |
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Term
| What are food frequency questionaires? |
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Definition
estimates how frequently certain foods are eaten over an extended period of time. Provides an indication of food patterns- not an accurate estimate of specific nutrients/caloric intake (it is qualitative not quantitative)
It paints of picture of the different foods you eat over time, but does not quantify nutrients. |
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Term
| What are the types of Dietary Reference Intakes? |
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Definition
Estimated average intake
Reccomended Dietary Allowance
Adequate Intake Levels
Tolerable upper intake levels |
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Term
| What is the estaimate average requirements (EAR)? |
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Definition
| intake value that is estimated to meet the requiremnet of half of the healthy individuals in a life stage, age, and gender group. |
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Term
| What are recommended dietary allowance (RDA)? |
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Definition
| dietary intake level of a nutrient thought to be sufficient to meet the req of nearly all of the healthy population of individuals (97%) in a particular group while decreasing the risk of certain chronic diseases. It is set 2 standard deviations above the EAR |
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Term
| Why is the RDA set 2 standard deviations above EAR? |
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Definition
| set extremely high for a huge safety margin to guarentee nutrient needs are being met. |
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Term
| What is the adequate intake level (AI)? |
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Definition
| when info is too inconclusive to establish EAR an RDA cant be set. The AI is a tentaive RDA based on less conclusive science info. |
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Term
| How are energy requirements set? |
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Definition
| By the estimated energy requirements (EER) |
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Term
| What do EER's consider and what is there target? |
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Definition
consider weight, height, and level of physical activity.
They target energy intakes req to maintain healthy weight. |
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Term
| WHat is the affect of age and growht on EER? |
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Definition
increase for growth
decrease when stop growing and when body comp changes. |
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Term
| What is in addition to EER that recomemends the best energy source distrubution? |
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Definition
Acceptable macronutrient distrubtion range (AMRR)
Helps reduce risk of chronic disease.
Carbs 45-65% of total energy
Protein 10-35 of total energy
Fat 20-35 |
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Term
| What is a tool for dietary planning? |
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Definition
| Dietary guidelines for americans |
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Term
| What do the 2010 dietary guidelines provide? |
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Definition
evidence-based nutritional guidance to promote health, reduce the risk of chronic diseases with a new emphasis to help reduce prevelance of overweight/obese people thru nutr and exercise
-emphasis on diet with nutrient dense foods, energy balanced, and portion control. |
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Term
| What are specific 2010 dietary guidelines for Americans? |
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Definition
Balance calories
-enjoy food but eat less- avoid oversized portions
Foods to increase-
Make half your plate fruit and veggies
Switch to fat free or low fat milk
Foods to reduce
compare sodium content
drink water not sugary drinks |
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