Term
| DRIs (dietary reference intake) |
|
Definition
• Replace and expand on recommended dietary allowance
• Intended to prevent nutritional deficiencies as well as reduce the risk of chronic diseases
• Specific for gender, age (infants to 70+ years), and pregnancy/lactation
• Consist of several types of reference intakes |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| RDA--recommended dietary allowance |
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Definition
• Average daily dietary intake level that is sufficient to meet the nutrient requirement of nearly all (97 to 98 percent) healthy individuals in a particular life stage and gender group
• Developed to prevent nutrient deficiency diseases
• Age and gender specificity
• Deficiency: intakes below 70% this over an extended period
• Toxicity: intakes above 3 times this |
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Term
|
Definition
• Average daily dietary intake level that is sufficient to meet the nutrient requirement of nearly all (97 to 98 percent) healthy individuals in a particular life stage and gender group
• Developed to prevent nutrient deficiency diseases
• Age and gender specificity
• Deficiency: intakes below 70% of RDA over an extended period
• Toxicity: intakes above 3 times RDA |
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Term
| Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) |
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Definition
(like the ceiling) (can be 3x RDA)
• The highest level of daily nutrient intake that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects for almost all individuals in the general population. As intake increases above this level, the potential risk of adverse effects increases.
o Ex: when little kids eat a lot of vitamins |
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Term
| EER (Estimated Energy Requirement) |
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Definition
| • An estimate of the calorie needs of the average person based on gender, age, height, weight, and physical activity level. |
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Term
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Definition
• rough guide for comparing food nutrient content to requirements
• shows those for highest needs
• based on 2000 kcal diet |
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Term
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Definition
• Essential organic compounds (carbon based)
• Needed in very small compounds (thousandths of a gram)
• **DO NOT provide energy (they aren’t broken down like carbs)
• function as coenzymes (some of them)
**two types: fat and water soluble |
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Term
|
Definition
| types of fat soluble vitamins |
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Term
|
Definition
| types of water soluble vitamins |
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Term
• 1. Vitamins cannot be synthesized in the body or are not synthesized in adequate amounts
o Some animals make a lot more vitamins than we do (we don’t make vitamin C)
o ba
• Must be supplied in diet
• Exceptions: vitamins D, K, niacin, and biotin
o |
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Definition
| Why are vitamins essential? |
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Term
|
Definition
• Participate in energy yielding reactions
• Contribute to blood formation, clotting, bone health, protein metabolism, antioxidant defense (prevents oxygen and components of this from getting broken down)
• Antioxidant defense—E, C, Carotenoids, riboflavin |
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Term
| fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K)--k not stored well |
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Definition
are stored really well in body—not readily excreted
o Soluble in nonpolar substances like ether (extracted from plants/animal) |
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Term
| water soluble vitamins (applicable to all but B6 and B12 |
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Definition
• Polar, soluble in aqueous substances
**generally lost from the body quite rapidly, excreted through urine |
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Term
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Definition
| vitamin is lacking in the diet for a long enough time and now the body stores are depleted, causing loss of function |
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Term
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Definition
excessive intake can cause damage to body
o UL—above this, it’s a poison
o Fat soluble vitamins accumulate in the body most readily and can cause toxic effects (3x RDA for vitamin A)
o Water soluble vitamins are toxic only in very large amounts (15-100x RDA)
o Most likely from supplementation (not really from food)
o Symptoms can appear like those for deficiency |
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Term
| how Fat soluble vitamins are absorbed (A, D, E, K) |
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Definition
• Absorbed along with dietary fat
• Transported with fat through the bloodstream inside lipoproteins
• Usually 40-90% of fat soluble vitamins are absorbed (pretty good)
• Fat malabsorption (diseases or weight loss drug orlistat) may cause deficiency….also alli is a fat absorption blocker. You have to take supplements for fat soluble vitamins if you are taking this
• If you don’t absorb these, you have to stay close to a bathroom |
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Term
|
Definition
• Found in several forms in foods
• Retinoids in foods of animal origin
• Cartoenoids (pigments) in vegetables, can be converted into this
• Promotes vision
o Night blindness (black and white part)
• Promotes growth, development, reproduction
• Prevents drying of the skin and eyes
o Xerophthalmia (“dry eyes”)
• Promotes immune function and infection resistance
• Cardiovascular disease prevention
• Cancer prevention
• Acne medication
• Measured in Retinol Activity Equivalents (RAE) = vitamin A + carotenoids (beta-carotene)
• RDA is 900 micrograms (ug) RAE for men, 700 ug RAE for women
• Daily value is 100 ug RAE
• Average intakes in the US meet the RDA |
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Term
retinol Activity equivalents, and it is vitamin A + carotenoids (beta-carotene)
**RDA is 900 micrograms RAE for men, 700 ug RAE for women |
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Definition
| What is the RAE and what does it measure? |
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Term
|
Definition
| (pigments in veggies, can be converted into vitamin A--called "pro vitamin A" |
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Term
|
Definition
| in Vitamin A, found in foods of animal origin |
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Term
|
Definition
• Leading cause of preventable blindness in children
• Night blindness
• Xerophthlamia (dry eye)
• Dry skin
• Poor growth
• Really bad in Africa
Toxicity |
|
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Term
|
Definition
• Highly toxic (3x RDA makes toxicity)
• Enlarged liver
• Fetal malformations and spontaneous abortions (this is why Accutane is not prescribed during pregnancy)
• Bone/muscle pain, fractures
• Headaches
• Hair loss
• Skin changes
• Polar bear livers have a lot of this from the food they ate and causes blindness in those that eat it |
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Term
|
Definition
• Yellow-orange vegetables (beta carotene)
• Dark leafy vegetables (lutein and zeaxanthin)
• Tomatoes (lycopene)
• Liver
• Fish oils
• Eggs
• Fortified milk and yogurt |
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Term
|
Definition
primarily a Prohormone: activated by enzymes in the liver and kidneys
• Derived from cholesterol
• Synthesized from sunlight (UV light), “sunshine vitamin”
• 80-100% of our needs can be provided by sun exposure
**fat soluble vitamin
• deficiency causes bone diseases
**recommended AI is 5ug/day for adults over 51, 10-25 ug/day for older adults |
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Term
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Definition
• calcium metabolism and bone health
• regulates absorption of calcium and phosphorous from the intestine
o big absorption part of gut is small intestine
• regulates deposition of calcium in bones
o helps this vitamin get in bone and strengthen it
o if not enough of this, calcium gets out of whack and makes it go either too much or too litle
• influences cell development
• immune function and cancer prevention
o makes it react properly under disease, but also to not go to fat and cause autoimmune diseases, like lupus.
• sometimes called immune system modulator (neither too high or too low) |
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Term
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Definition
• Toxic in high amounts, especially for infants and children
• Over-absorption of calcium, calcium deposits in body organs
• Weakness, appetite loss, diarrhea, vomiting, mental confusion, and increased urine output
• Excessive sun exposure does not cause toxicity
• **Not as toxic as vitamin A, but still toxic (though not as likely)
• |
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Term
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Definition
• fortified milk and milk products
• Fortified breakfast cereals
• Fish oils
• Sardines
• Salmon
• Sunlight |
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Term
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Definition
**fat soluble vitamin
• The fat soluble antioxidant vitamin (and fat soluble)
• Protects unsaturated fats from oxidation
o Smothers the fire that could possibly burn up (?)
• Donates electrons to electron seeking compounds: “ free radicals”
• Found mostly in cell membranes
o Keeps them from getting rusty and breaking apart
• Improves vitamin A transport
o Related to antioxidant function
**RDA is 15 mg for adults, MANY NOT MEETING THIS GOAL |
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Term
|
Definition
• Plant oils and products made from plant oils (except if it has been sitting around a long time and isn’t in light and is hot, it will break down)
• Green leafy veggies
• Some fruit
• Nuts and seeds
• Fortified breakfast cereals |
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Term
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Definition
fat soluble vitamin
• Supplied by the diet as well as intestinal bacteria
• Synthesized by bacteria in the colon, 10% of our needs
o If you have a problem with your colon, that would have an effect
Functions
• coenzyme with major role in coagulation (“koagulation”)
o makes water soluble protein turn into fibrin in the blood (so it doesn’t clot or be too weak)
• activates proteins involved in bone metabolism
Recommendations
• RDA: 90 to 120 ug per day |
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Term
| deficiency of Vitamin K (toxicity unknown) |
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Definition
o Hemorrhage (like if you have little cuts they will bleed)
• “free bleeding”
o Fractures
o Most at risk: patients with long standing fat malabsorption, person taking antibiotics for long period, and infants |
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Term
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Definition
• Green leafy veggies
• Liver
• Broccoli
• Peas
• Green beans
• Fish oils
• meat |
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Term
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Definition
| vitamins that function as coenzymes |
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Term
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Definition
• Dissolve in water
• Very little is stored in the body (B6 and B12 stored more readily)
• Excreted from the body if consumed in excessive amounts, so we have to constantly replace them
• Include all essential B vitamins, vitamin C, and choline |
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Term
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Definition
vitamin-like compound, isn’t essential, (we make some), but at certain times of life, more is needed to be beneficial for our body
**water soluble vitamin |
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Term
• Thiamin (B1)
• Riboflavin (B2)
• Niacin (B3)
• Vtiamin B6 (pryidoxine)
• Folate (folic acid)
• Vitamin B12 (cobalamin)
• Patnothenic acid
• Biotin |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
• Coenzymes in energy metabolism
o Pathways used by carbs (CHO), amino acids, and fats
o Coenzyme necessary to make the active enzyme
• (inactive enzyme + vitamin coenzyme = active enzy)
• Red blood cell (RBC) formation and function
o Bc RBC are constantly turning over or not turning into donut shape, a lot of the deficiencies/problems come from this
• Neurological function
o Not enough of these vitamins—neurological disrorders
Nearly 50-90% of them in the diet are absorbed |
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Term
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Definition
**b vitamin
• coenzyme form used in CHO metabolism**
• Nerve function
• RDA is 1.1 to 1.2 mg/day, most diets exceed RDA
• Lean pork products
• Organ meats
• Whole and enriched grain products
• Dried beans
• Seeds
• Peanuts
• Peas
• (when we take off the good stuff on the grains of wheat and make it into wheat flour, we take a lot of vitamins out…the more you refine it, the more you take out. |
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Term
|
Definition
• Beriberi
o Sinhalese: I cannot, I cannot
o Dry: wasting paralysis
o Wet: edema, heart failure
o Seen in areas where refined white rice is a staple (thiamin is lost when that’s basically the diet)
• Non toxic |
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Term
| riboflavin and its functions |
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Definition
water soluble vitamin
• Coenzyme form participates in energy-yielding metabolic pathways (aerobic energy)
• RDA is 1.1 to 1.3 mg/day (depending on calorie intake)
o Nutrient poor diets are usually low in this , ie alcoholics
• Milk and milk products**** most imp one
o Destroyed by light
• Enriched and whole grains
• Meat
• Liver
• Eggs
• Spinach
• Oysters |
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Term
|
Definition
• Cheilosis (cracking on the outsides of the lips), angular stomatitis (cracks or sores at the corners of mouth), inflammation of mouth and tongue, and dermatitis
• Non Toxic
• Mucosal membranes, nervous system and skin very sensitive to deficiency |
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Term
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Definition
watersoluble vitamin
• Coenzyme forms used in energy metabolism
• RDA—14 mg/day for women, 16 mg/day for men
• Poultry, beef, tuna, and other fish (high protein foods)
• Enriched products
• Wheat bran
• Asparagus
• Peanuts
• Can be synthesized from tryptophan (essential amino acid) |
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Term
| deficiency/toxicity of niacin |
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Definition
• Pellagra: 4Ds
o Dermatitis
o Diarrhea
o Dementia
o Death
• Commonly seen in areas where main staple is corn
• Seen in US in past 100 yrs in post civil war
• Toxicity with intakes > 100 mg/day
o Vasodilation (blood vessels get bigger and this lowers blood pressure…this can cause fainting), itching, headaches, flushing |
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Term
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Definition
water soluble vitamin
Coenzyme form
o Activates enzymes needed for metabolism of CHO, fat, and protein (protein metabolsm most imp! And amino acid stuff)
o Synthesizes non-essential amino acids
o Synthesizes neurotransmitter
o Synthesizes hemoglobin and WBC
o Role in homocysteine metabolism’
RDA
o 1.3 mg/day for adults
o 1.7 mg/day for men over 50
o 1.5 mg/day for women over 50
o daily value set at 2 mg./day
o average daily intake is more than RDA
o alcoholics are at risk for deficiency
****We tend to get plenty, only certain subsets of population at risk
• Animal products
• Dairy products
• Whole grain products
• bananas!
• Potatoes |
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Term
| toxicity and deficiency of vitamin B6 |
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Definition
• Deficiency
o Nervous system problems: Irritability, nervousness, depression/moodiness, vomiting, skin disorders, and impaired immune response
• Toxicity—200 mg/day can lead to irreversible nerve damage
• Risk with using megadoses to reduce the symptoms of PMS |
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Term
|
Definition
B vitamin
• Coenzymes help form DNA and metabolizes various amino acids
• Red blood cell (RBC) formation and maturation (making sure they turn into donut shaped RBC) KEY ROLE
• RDA—400 UG/DAY for adults
o 600 ug/day for pregnant women
o Foliage (green leafy vegetables) the darker the better
o Liver
o Orange juice
o Enriched products
o Grains, legumes
o Enriched products (four of the B vitamins and iron) TEST Q
• Heat, microwaves destroy some forms |
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Term
| deficiency/toxicity of folate |
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Definition
o Results in neural tube defects in fetus (ex: spinal bifida)
o Results in megaloblastic anemia in adults (large immature RBC in the blood, fewer mature RBC, decreased ability to carry 02)
• Toxicity
o Excess can mask B-12 deficiency |
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Term
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Definition
• Coenzyme form
o Role in folate metabolism
• Maintaining the myelin sheath—helps conduct nerve better and faster. If none of this, it gets messed up and you have problems with nervous system
• RBC formation
• RDA—2.4 mg/day for adults
o this is stored in liver (one of the few b vitamins that is stored up, also B6) |
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Term
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Definition
o Requires a protein from salivary gland
o Requires stomach acid (HCL acid mixes with food)
o Requires intrinsic factor
• Protein-like compound produced by the stomach that enables absorption of this vitamin
• Used in gastric bypass?
o Absorbed in the last part of the small intestine
• As you get older, you have more trouble absorbing it
o About 50% of this is absorbed |
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Term
| deficiency resulting from lack of B12 |
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Definition
o Pernicious anemia (“deadly, fatal”) due to lack of intrinsic factor? inability to absorb this vitamin
o Megaloblastic anemia
o Nerve degeneration and paralysis
o Common among older people
**non toxic |
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Term
|
Definition
—****only available in foods of animal origins
o Animal products
o Organ meats
o Seafood
o Eggs
o Hot dogs
o Milk
o Synthesized by bacteria, fungi, and other lower organisms
o Can be on plant foods if they are contaminated with meat
o |
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Term
|
Definition
a more obscure B Vitamin
• Like all the B vitamins, it’s a Coenzyme form essential for metabolism of CHO, fat, and protein (part of coenzyme A)
• RDA—5 mg/day for adults
o Deficiency Rare bc it’s in almost every food, however usually in combination with other deficiencies
• Toxicity unknown |
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Term
| panthothenic acid (b vitamin) |
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Definition
food sources: ***everywhere*** TEST Q
o Meat
o Sunflower seeds
o Milk |
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Term
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Definition
more obscure B vitamin
Coenzyme form aids in fat and CHO metabolism
• Helps break down certain AA
• RDA—30 ug/day for adults
• Deficiency
o Rare/scaly inflamed skin, changes in tongue and lips, decreased appetite, nausea/vomiting
o Very rarely a problem
• Non toxic
*Sources
o Cauliflower
o Egg yolk
o Peanuts
o Cheese
o Intestinal bacteria can synthesize and supply some biotin
o Avidin in raw egg whites inhibits absorption
• More than a dozen raw egg whites/day to cause this effect |
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Term
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Definition
| protein-like compound produced by the stomach that enables vitamin B12 absorption |
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Term
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Definition
| protein like compound that makes up a lot of our ligaments and connective things; vitamin C helps make this |
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Term
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Definition
function: synthesis of collagen, iron absorption, immune function, antioxidant (main water soluble antioxidant vitamin
• RDA—75 to 90 mg/day for adults, additional 35 mg.day for smokers
o Citrus fruits
o Potatoes
o Green pepepers
o Cauliflower
o Broccoli
o Strawberries
o Romaine lettuce
o Spinach |
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Term
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Definition
o Scurvy—bleeding gums; pin point hemorrhaging, poor wound healing, weakness
• Sailors got scurvy
• Has to do with the collagen not working right
• Toxicity
o Stomach inflammation and diarrhea |
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Term
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Definition
• Essential nutrient, however it is not considered a vitamin
• All tissues contain this
• Precursor for acetylcholine (neurotranmitter)
• Precursors for phospholipids
• RDA 425-550 mg/day for adults |
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Term
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Definition
• 99% in bones and teeth
• makes up 40% of all the minerals present in body
• functions:
o forming and maintaining bones
o blood, nerve, muscles, and cells
o RDA: 1000 to 1200 mg/day for adults, 1200 mg/day for children
o Avg intake is not enough!!!
• Absorption of this mineral:
o Normally 25% absorbed from food
o Vitamin D and acidic gut help absorption
o Absorbed in upper part of small intestine
o Absorption increased to 60% in time of need, (i.e, pregnancy, infancy) |
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Term
| calcium, magnesium, sodium, chloride, potassium, phosphorous, and sulfur |
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Definition
| What are the major/macro minerals |
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Term
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Definition
• Various functions in body
• DO NOT PROVIDE ENERGY
• Bioavailability depends on interactions with fiber, vitamins, and other minerals
o They all compete for absorption (like a revolving door that you are trying to get in
• Toxic in excessive amounts, |
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Term
| what could cause decreased absorption of calcium |
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Definition
o High fiber intake
o Excess phosphorous
• Like carbonated soft drinks!
o Vitamin D deficiency
o Polyphenols (tannins) in tea
o Diarrhea
o Aging |
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Term
| what could cause decreased absorption of calcium |
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Definition
o High fiber intake
o Excess phosphorous
• Like carbonated soft drinks!
o Vitamin D deficiency
o Polyphenols (tannins) in tea
o Diarrhea
o Aging |
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Term
| deficiency resulting from calcium |
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Definition
o Osteoporosis—loss of bone mass
• Most at risk:
? Post-menopausal women
? Slender, inactive women who smoke
• Bone with this disease looks like a very poorly supported construction project that looks like it is falling apart
• Prevention
? Build peak bone mass when young with adequate calcium and vitamin D intake
? Weight bearing physical activity |
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Term
|
Definition
| • vitamins that function as coenzymes: |
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Term
|
Definition
o Not common
o Risk of kidney stones and other problems |
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Term
|
Definition
o Not common
o Risk of kidney stones and other problems |
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Term
|
Definition
• Functions:
o Bone formation
o Enzyme function***
o Nerve and heart function
• RDA is 210-320 mg/day for women, 400-420 mg/day for men
•• Sources
o Whole grains
o Nuts, beans, green veggies
• Chlorophyll has a lot of Mg in in (anything green has Mg in it) |
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Term
| deficiency/toxicity of magnesium |
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Definition
o Unlikely unless diuretic use or alcoholism
o Weakness, muscle pain, poor heart function
• *you can relate function to deficiency
• Toxicity
o Very difficult to have this, but…overuse of antacids, laxatives, or supplements
o Causes diarrhea and weakness in patients with kidney failure |
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Term
| sodium, phosphorous, chloride, and potassium |
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Definition
| What are the major electrolyte macrominerals? |
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Term
|
Definition
• Major positive ion in extracellular fluid
o Means it has positive electrical charge in it’s normal state in nature** (ion = charged atom)
o Since it’s positive, it is looking for a negative charge
o Extracellular = watery part of blood (plasma), and other fluid not inside the cells
• Blood levels of this are controlled by the kidneys
• Functions
o Water balance (w/o proper water balance, cells would shrink or grow)
o Nerve and muscle function
• RDA
o 1500 mg/day age 19-50
o 1300 mg/day for 51-71
o 1400 mg/.day for 70+ |
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Term
|
Definition
o Hyponatremia “low sodium in the blood”
• Rare, only with persistent vomiting, diarrhea, or excessive perspiration (losing 2-3% body weight—marathon runners)
? Happens a lot if you drink too much water and get water intoxication
• Muscle cramps, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, shock, coma |
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Term
|
Definition
• Contributes to hypertension (high blood pressure) in susceptible individuals
• Increases Ca loss in the urine |
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Term
|
Definition
• Major negative ion for extracellular fluid
• Functions:
o Hydrochloric acid in stomach
o Nerve function
o Water balance
• RDA—2300 mg.day |
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Term
| deficiency/toxicity of chloride |
|
Definition
• Deficiency
o Rare, convulsions in infants
• Toxicity
o Unlikely, linked to hypertension in susceptible people w
• Sources
o Table salt (60% Cl)
o Some vegetables (like celery)
o Processed foods |
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Term
|
Definition
• Major postivite ion in intracellular fluid
• Functions
o Water balance
o Nerve and muscle function
• Polarization and depolarization of nerve cells and some muscle cells
o *in general, the same functions as Na and Cl
o RDa—4700 mg/day
• Sources
o Fruits, veggies, milk, grains, meats, dried beans
o Bananas
o Orange juice |
|
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Term
| deficiency/toxicity of potassium |
|
Definition
• Deficiency
o Rare***, only with persistent vomiting or prolonged diuretic usage
o Irregular heart beat, muscle cramps (bc it’s involved with the heart…the heart is a muscle)
o Almost impoosible to get this deficiency from sweating
• Toxicity
o Unlikely, seen only in kidney failure |
|
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Term
|
Definition
• Major negative ion of intracellular fluid
• Bone and tooth component
• Component of cell membranes, DNA
o (phospholipids, cell membr, etc)
• Acid/base balance
acidity level and not too high/low
• RDA
o 700 mg/for adults
o 1250 mg/day for children (need it for growth)
o average intake exceeds RDA
o Wide variety of foods
o Dairy products
o Breads and cereals
o Meats and fish
o Soft drinks (you could get more than you need from carbonated drinks) |
|
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Term
| toxicity/deficiency of phosphorous |
|
Definition
• Deficiency
o Unlikely, possible bone loss
• Toxicity
o RARE, impairs bone helath in people with kidney failure or low Ca intake
• Rare because we generally get enough calcium to make up for this |
|
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Term
|
Definition
• Dietary proteins supply all we need
• Functions
o Part of amino acids (sulfur containing AA) and vitamins
o Drug detoxification—the sulfates are involved in this (we add sulfate onto chemical compound, this detoxifies it and marks it for elimination in liver)
• No deficiency if protein is adequate
• No toxicity
• Sources = protein foods |
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Term
|
Definition
• minerals, Needed in much smaller amounts • Essential for health
• Difficult to study
o only trace amounts in the body
• animal sources of mineral are generally better absorbed |
|
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Term
| Iron, Iodide, Zinc, Copper, Chromium, Fluoride, Selenium |
|
Definition
| What are the types of Micro/trace minerals? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
• 18% is absorbed, determined by body’s need (this is a relatively low rate, poorly absorbed depending on diet)
• Functions
o Component of hemoglobin in RBC, transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide
o Energy metabolism
o Immune function
• Requires iron to work
o Cognitive development (brain)
o 8 mg/day for men
o 18 mg/day women
o average intakes for men exceed the recommendation, most women’s intakes are low
o Meat (red)…also red salmon/tuna
o Seafood
o Broccoli
o Peas
o Whole and enriched grains |
|
|
Term
| deficiency/toxicity of Iron (trace mineral) |
|
Definition
o Microcytic hypochromic anemia (blood cells are little and not very red), low levels of hemoglobin and hematocrit (measure of how much RBC there are in a certain matter of blood—women have lower level), insufficient intake and stores
o At risk: infants (moving from mother’s milk to not), toddlers, chronic blood loss, vegans, runners, female athletes (blood cells could just be being churned up and beat up), and women of childbearing years
o Signs: paleness (less blood), brittle nails, fatigue (not as much O2), poor temperature control, poor growth
• Toxicity
o Very toxic, but Fairly rare bc we don’t absorb it very well (But….1/250 have both hemochromatosis genes—you’re absorbing too much)
o Liver and heart damage
o GI upset with supplements
o Infants/childrens at risk of poisoning |
|
|
Term
| functions of trace mineral iodide |
|
Definition
• 70-80% of I in the body is found in the thyroid gland
•
• Functions
o Supports thyroid hormone synthesis (one of the most imp hor
o Regulates metabolic rate, growth, and development
• RDA—150 ug/day
• Sources
o Iodized salt
o White bread
o Saltwater fish (ocean!)
o Dairy products |
|
|
Term
| deficiency/toxicity of iodide |
|
Definition
• Deficiency
o Goiter—thyroid gland enlarges (bc it gets feedback that there isn’t enough thyroid hormone, so it tries to compensate)
• Adult manisfestation. Occurs in mountain ranges, like in Himalayas, where they don’t get a lot of food in (bc it washes out in rain/ocean and permeates foods)
o Cretinism—stunting of fetal growth and mental development as a result of not much of this mineral in maternal diet (youth version)
• Toxicity
o Thyroid hormone synthesis is inhibited
o Looks like deficiency, swelling of the thyroid gland
o Consumption of seaweed poses risk |
|
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Term
|
Definition
• involved in many areas of metabolism
• 40% of this is absorbed, competes with copper and iron for absorption
o (a lot of minerals compete with each other, vitamins don’t)
• Functions
o Required for nearly 200 enzymes
o Normal growth and sexual development** most imp
o Immune function
o Protein and nucleic acid metabolism
o Wound healing
• RDA—8 mg/day for women, 11 mg/day for men ( less than half absorbed)
o Mainly animal sources
o Seafood
o Meats**
o Milk
o Legumes
o Whole grains |
|
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Term
| deficiency/toxicity of Zinc |
|
Definition
• Deficiency
o Dwarfism
• Growth retardation and poor sexual development
• Decreased appetite and taste sensation
? Mostly seen in adults/elderly
• Poor wound healing
• Toxicity
o Excessive intakes reduce copper absorption**
o Diarrhea
o Depressed immune function |
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|
Term
|
Definition
• Aids in Fe Metabolism
• Hemoglobin formation and Fe transport (into right tissue)
• Elastin and collagen synthesis (proteins that are part of connective tissues)
o Involved in way proteins bind together so connective working right
• Antioxidant enzymes
• Immune function
• RDA-900 ug/day
o Organ meats
o Whole grains
o Legumes
o Nuts
o *sometimes we cut back on meats, so we lose out on this mineral |
|
|
Term
| deficiency/toxicity of copper |
|
Definition
• Deficiency
o Anemia** (same as iron deficiency—mircocytic hypochromic anemia
o Low WBC count
o Poor growth
o Bone loss
o Some forms of cardiovascular disease
• Toxicity
o Vomiting
o Wilson’s disease—(a genetic defect that causes excess absorption and thus an accumulation of Cu in the brain or liver? brain damage, liver failure, death
• Sources |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• recently discovered essential trace element (1959)
• Functions
o Maintenance of glucose uptake into cells (metabolism)
o Aiding insulin function
• RDA—25 to 35 ug/day
o Egg yolks
o Whole grains
o Pork
o Nuts
o Mushrooms
o Beer |
|
|
Term
| toxicity/deficiency of copper |
|
Definition
• Deficiency
o Impaired glucose control (insulin helps glucose do its thing)
• Diabetes like symptoms occur
o Elevated blood cholesterol and triglycerides
o **Very unlikely to be deficient unless they are being fed by a tube for years and years
• Toxicity
o Caused by industrial contamination, not by food sources
o Liver damage and lung cancer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• strengthens tooth enamel
• decreases the risk of dental caries
• inhibits tooth demineralization and enhances tooth remineralization
o This helps teeth stay healthy!
• RDA—3.1 mg/day for women (relatively high amt trace mineral)
• 3.8 mg/day for men
o Fluoridated water (bottled water doesn’t have it!
o Toothpaste
o Tea |
|
|
Term
| deficiency.toxicity of fluoride |
|
Definition
• deficiency
o increased risk for dental caries
• Toxicity
o Fluorosis: mottling (staining of teeth during tooth development
o Bone pain
o Stomach upset |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
o antioxidant enzymes (glutathione peroxidase)
o May help prevent cancer (bc it gets rid of oxidation and free radicals)
• RDA—55 ug/day
• Sources
o Meats
o Eggs
o Fish
o Seafood
• *not an essential nutrient in plants) |
|
|
Term
| deficiency./toxicity of selenium |
|
Definition
• Deficiency
o Muscle pain and weakness (happens in animals esp.)
o Form of heart disease
• Not really seen in US because we get food from all over the world…happens in places where people get all their food from one soil, which may be lacking in selenium
• Toxicity
o Hair loss, nausea/vomiting, weakness, rashes, cirrhosis of liver
• Rare unless you take a lot of supplements |
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