• Herbivores(rabbit)
• Omnivores(dog)
• carnivores(cats)
• monogastrics(humans, pigs, horses, dogs, cats)
• ruminants(cows, goats, sheep)

1. Water
2. Carbohydrates
3. Protein
4. Fat
5. Vitamins
6. Minerals

75 mls/kg daily

(varies based on diet)

range 50-100 mls/kg/day

Gross energy (GE)

↓minus energy lost in feces(not digested)

Digestible energy (DE)

↓minus energy lost in urine and gases

Metabolizable energy (ME)

↓minus energy lost in breakdown of nutrients

=

net energy (NE) or recovered energy (RE)

the energy avail. to perform all body fx

1. CHO's simple vs. complex (sugars vs. starches&fiber)
2. CHO's soluble vs. insoluble (soluble~sugar&starch vs. insoluble~fiber)

*Soluble CHO's used by all animals, while insoluble CHO's only used by those where bacterial fermentation occurs.

• Serves as an energy source, as well as structural components, enzymes, hormones, antibodies, etc.
• Nitrogen (N) is the key element in protein in addition to C, H, O.
• Composed of simple units calls Amino Acids (AA)

• 20 account for the majority of protein synthesis in animals
• essential and nonessential

 ~Numbers vary between species, but about half are essential, which must be present in their diet.

~nonessential amino acids are produced by the animal

1. None are required for ruminants bc rumen microflora make them.
2. Horses, dogs, pigs-10
3. Cats-11
4. Poultry-13

Cats need Taurine or they can develope dilated cardiomyopathy, blindness, poor growth & reproduction.

*It's now added to many cat foods.

(called lipids, made up of C,H,O, & are the building blocks)

1. Triglycerides(1 glycerol & 3 fatty acids)
2. Cholesterol
3. Steroid Hormones (estrogen/testosterone)
4. Phospholipids

*fats-solid at room temp (saturated),oils-liquid at room temp (unsaturated, polyunsaturated)

• Provide highest energy value, but used last.
• hormone and cell membrane functions
• healthy skin and coat
• Carry fat soluble vitamins

Dogs: linoleic acid & linolenic acid

Cats: ↑2 plus arachadonic acid

deficiency causes dull hair coat, dry/flaky skin, impaired wound healing, skin infections

(vitamins are either fat soluble or water soluble)

Fat soluble are vitamins A,D,E,K...

all others are water soluble.

1. Cats need Taurine (Essential Amino Acid)
2. cats need Arachidonic acid (essential fatty acid)
3. Cats need preformed vitamin A

Periodic table elements that are required to maintain body structure or perform metabolic functions.

(Classified by amount required)

Macrominerals:required in large amounts

Trace minerals:required in small amounts.

*inorganic*

1. bone structure
2. muscle contractility
3. electrical conduction
4. blood clotting
5. many others

Sodium          Na

Chloride         Cl

Potassium       K

Calcium          Ca

Phosphorous   P

Magnesium     Mg

Sulfer             S

electrolytes (gain charge when dissolved in H²O)

Copper, Iodine, Iron, Zinc, Selenium, many others

*mineral toxicities are more common than vitamin toxicities.

• grasping food
• mastication
• swallowing
• this is the beginning of the digestion process

• performs the majority of digestion & absorption
• pancreatic enzymes(amylase/lipase)&bile(made in liver, stored in gall bladder) are emptied into S.I. to help digestion
• after nutrients absorbed, they go through the blood to the liver.

4 chambers-reticulum (honeycomb, aids in regurgitation, hardware disease), rumen (large fermentation vat, volatile fatty acids), Omasum (grinds food & absorbs H²O), Abomasum (true stomach, HCl kills microbes)

Calf: esophogeal groove bypasses 1st 3 stomachs & empties into abomasum ( 1st 3 weeks, then some solid 4-8weeks, then all solids >8weeks)

• both pregnancy & lactation need more nutrition (esp. fat, protein, and calcium)
• lactation is the most demanding for nutrient requirements!

Vitamins A, D, E, K...which are fat soluble

(especially for ruminants)

salt blocks & trace mineral salt blocks

trace & specialized mineral mixes

Sometimes sodium bicarbonate (GI pH buffer) or antibiotics are added

RER=70·(weight in kg)º·75

ex. 6.6 lb ÷2.2=3kg

life stage factor 1.6

(3)º·75=2.28

2.28*70=159.6

159.6*1.6=255.36 kcal/day

At least 95% of the product must be the named ingredient on the label.

"Beef for Dogs"

"Tuna Cat Food"

at least 25 %, but less than 95% of the ingredient on label

"Beef Dinner for Dogs"

"Chicken Entree for Cats"

at least 3% but less than 25% of the ingredient listed.

"Dog Food with Beef"

"Beef Dinner for Dogd with Cheese"