Term
| What are the 6 classes of nutrients? |
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Definition
| water, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates |
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Term
| Why is water nutritionally important? |
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Definition
transport solutes
thermoregulation
metabolism |
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Term
Carbohydrates
-name short form
-bond that links them
-where they are derived |
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Definition
CHO
glycosidic bonds
mostly derived from plants |
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Term
| What is the primary carbohydrate in an equine diet? How is it broken down? |
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Definition
Cellulose
mechanical - teeth
chemical - enzyme cellulase |
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Term
| What are the major components of proteins? What are proteins used for in the body? |
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Definition
CHONSP
not energy, usually building blocks |
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Term
| What type of fat is typically in an equine diet? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| What does a fat molecule consist of? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What fatty aid is essential and why? |
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Definition
linoleic acid
carrier of fat-soluble vitamins |
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Term
| How is fat typically supplied to a horse? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What amount of a horse's energy requirements can come from fat? (percentage and weight) |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the fat soluble vitamins? How are they excreted? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the water soluble vitamins? How are they excreted? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Can vitamins be synthesized? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is Vit A used for in the body, how is it sourced and how much would be obtained from 3-4 weeks on fresh pasture? |
|
Definition
-vision, reproduction, bone, muscle & skin
-Beta carotene in forage
4-6 month supply |
|
|
Term
| Can you overdose on Vit A |
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Definition
| Only if supplemented in excess, not just on forage alone |
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Term
| How many IU/kg of Vit A are required for maintenance, growth and pregnancy/lactation? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What problems might arise from a Vit E deficiency? |
|
Definition
| weak RBC, white muscle disease, equine motor neuron disease |
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Term
| If a diet is low in selenium, what vitamin is lacking? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
True or False
Heat processing destroys vit E |
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Definition
|
|
Term
True or False
Vit K is stored |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What two vitamins are synthesized by gut microflora? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What does vit K do and what problems may arise from a deficiency? |
|
Definition
-blood clotting factors
-reduce GIT absorption, liver malfunction |
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Term
| What compound is a Vit A antagonist? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are some of the components of the Vit B complex? |
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Definition
| thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin |
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Term
| What is vit B important for and what problems might arise from a deficiency? |
|
Definition
protein & fat metabolism, nerve function
-GIT upset |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What compound is from Vit C and how is it synthesized? |
|
Definition
-ascorbic acid
-from glucose in the liver |
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|
Term
| What is the importance of vit C |
|
Definition
| antioxidant effects, bone matrix formatin, neurotransmitter function |
|
|
Term
True or False
Vit C deficiencies are common |
|
Definition
False
The liver easily makes enough on its own |
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|
Term
| What are the common minerals in an equine diet? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What percentage of Ca use is structural, and what percentage is in soft tissue? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is phosphorous used for in the body? |
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Definition
| structural & soft tissue (ATP, plasma mmb) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What effect does Vit D have on the body? |
|
Definition
| induces a Ca binding protein in GIT that aids in absorption |
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Term
| What effect does an excess of P have on the body? |
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Definition
| Produces insoluble Ca3PO4 which limits Ca/P absorption |
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Term
| What are the Ca/P requirements for a weanling, yearling, mature, pregnant & lacting horse? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| In cereal grains, are calcium & phosphorus content high or low? |
|
Definition
| High phosphorous low calcium |
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|
Term
| What is NaCl important for? |
|
Definition
| -nerve function, pH balance, fluid balance |
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|
Term
| Why are proteins important? |
|
Definition
| tissue repair & replacement, enzymes, blood constituents |
|
|
Term
| Why do foals have more essential AAs than mature horses? |
|
Definition
| don't yet have the enzymes required to synthesize the AA's |
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Term
| How do you satisfy the protein needs in a diet? |
|
Definition
-provide the minimum levels of essential AAs
-provide enough AA/N to maintain protein balance |
|
|
Term
| What are the essential amino acids? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the protein requirements of a mature horse? Pregnant horse? Peak gestation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much protein is present in hay? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When is it appropriate to add a grain to the diet? |
|
Definition
| growth, pregnancy, intense traning, quality forage not available, bribery |
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Term
| What problems arise from a high starch diet? |
|
Definition
Bad Ca:P ratio
horses have low levels of pancreatic amylase, if not fully digested in the SI it will lower the pH in the cecum |
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|
Term
| What is basal metabolism? |
|
Definition
| energy requirement for maintenance |
|
|
Term
| What are the components to consider for net energy for maintenance? |
|
Definition
| basal metabolism, voluntary activity, thermoregulation |
|
|
Term
| What are the digestible energy needs for a mature, late-gestation and peak lactation horse? |
|
Definition
16 000
17 000
28 000
kcal/day |
|
|
Term
| Does grain have soluble or insoluble CHO? What are the energy substrates in grain? |
|
Definition
| high in soluble CHO glucose/starch |
|
|
Term
| Is hay/pasture high in soluble or insoluble CHO? What is the major energy substituent in forage? |
|
Definition
insoluble (cellulose)
Volatile Fatty Acids |
|
|
Term
| What percentage of its body weight should a horse receive as forage? Weight? |
|
Definition
| 2% 10kg for a 500kg horse |
|
|
Term
| What is the digestible energy of grass hay? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two sources of forage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are grasses more or less lignified in a temperate climate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two primary legumes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 'pros' of legumes? |
|
Definition
palatable
higher in crude protein, Ca, Mg, S |
|
|
Term
| What are the cons of legumes? |
|
Definition
higher problem with toxicity, mould, dust
borderline deficient in P |
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Term
| How many acres of managed pasture are required for a horse at 'maintenance' level? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some behavioural issues that arise from a grain-based diet? |
|
Definition
bolting food = choke
cribbing
boredom
overeating |
|
|
Term
| What is the ideal height range to have on your horse pasture? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| What is the maximum number of days to allow horses to graze on a paddock before rotating and why? |
|
Definition
7 days
Because after 5-6 days, the grass that was first grazed will already start to regrow tastes better so the horses want to eat it, will graze it down to short |
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Term
| What are 3 possible reasons for pasture failure that would lead to the need for pasture renovation? |
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Definition
overgrazing
dont have the proper nutrients
soil drainage too wet or too dry |
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