Term
| Is the bloodstream water based or lipid based? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are lipids transported in the bloodstream? |
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Definition
| By water-soluble carriers that have a lipophilic region |
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Term
| What are lipids carrier called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the four major groups of lipoproteins, in order of size, from largest to smallest? |
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Definition
Chylomicrons
VLDL (very low density lipoproteins)
LDL (low density lipoproteins)
HDL (high density lipoproteins) |
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Term
| How are LDL particles formed? |
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Definition
| when lipoprotein lipase breaks a triglyceride molecule off VLDL |
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Term
| Why are LDL called bad cholesterol? |
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Definition
| higher levels of LDL particles promote health problems and cardiovascular disease |
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Term
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Definition
| a waxy steroid of fat that is produced in the liver or intestines |
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Term
| How is cholesterol recycled? |
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Definition
| In the liver, cholesterol is converted to bile, which is then stored in the gallbladder. It is then excreted into the digestive tract, and about 50% of it is reabsorbed back into the bloodstream. |
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Term
| How is cholesterol recycled? |
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Definition
| In the liver, cholesterol is converted to bile, which is then stored in the gallbladder. It is then excreted into the digestive tract, and about 50% of it is reabsorbed back into the bloodstream. |
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Term
| What is the function of bile? |
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Definition
| Bile contains bile salts, which emulsify fats in the digestive tract to aid in the intestinal absorption of fat molecules as well as the fat-soluble vitamins, A, D, E, and K. |
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Term
| Why LDL is called bad cholesterol? |
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Definition
| It can transport cholesterol into artery walls. |
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Term
| What happens when the cholesterol in the arterial wall becomes oxidized by a free radical (a circulating H+ ion)? |
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Definition
| It hardens and forms a plaque (atherosclerosis). |
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Term
| What can happen to a plaque? |
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Definition
| It can break off and travel in the bloodstream as a fat embolism, lodge in a smaller blood vessel, and block blood flow distal to that point. |
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Term
| What predicts whether or not cholesterol is transported into artery walls? |
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Definition
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Term
| What popular medicine group is prescribed for people with high LDL levels? |
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Definition
| Statins (such as vasostatin). |
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Term
| If cholesterol synthesis is inhibited, what levels will become elevated in the blood if the person does not cut back on their fat consumption? |
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Definition
| Triglycerides will go up; seen in a blood test. |
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Term
| What is the most effective dietary approach to minimize LDL’s in the blood? |
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Definition
| Minimizing fat stores in the greater omentum (reduce fat in the waistline) in addition to minimizing total body fat. |
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Term
| Why is it worse to have a fat belly than to have fat in the rear end, regarding diabetes? |
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Definition
| Resistin also increases insulin resistance (causing Diabetes Mellitus) |
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Term
| What obvious appearance is an indicator of how high your LDL and triglyceride levels are, and therefore, is an indicator of cardiovascular health? |
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Definition
| Having a large waist line |
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Term
| What other lipid can be lowered which will reduce LDL levels? How do you lower that lipid? |
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Definition
| Triglycerides. Lower them by consuming less fat. |
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Term
| Why HDL particles are called "good cholesterol"? |
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Definition
| HDL particles are able to remove cholesterol from within arterial plaques and transport it back to the liver for excretion or re-utilization |
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Term
| Where does HDL transport cholesterol? |
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Definition
| Mostly to the liver or organs that use cholesterol such as adrenal glands, ovaries, and testes. |
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Term
| What happens to the cholesterol delivered to the liver? |
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Definition
| It is combined with broken-down hemoglobin and converted into the bile, which is then used to break down intestinal fats into small enough particles for digestive enzymes to work. |
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Term
| What happens to the cholesterol delivered to adrenal glands, ovaries, and testes? |
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Definition
| It is used for the synthesis of steroid hormones. |
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Term
| What three properties of HDL contribute to its ability to protect from atherosclerosis? |
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Definition
| inhibits oxidation, inflammation, and coagulation by platelets |
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|
Term
| Can you increase HDL by exercise? |
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Definition
| No, your levels are hereditary |
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Term
| What three things may increase HDL levels? |
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Definition
| Niacin (vit B3) and magnesium, Apo-A1 |
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Term
| What are the two categories of triglycerides? |
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Definition
| Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids |
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Term
| What is the function of triglycerides? |
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Definition
| They are a mechanism for storing unused calories |
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Term
| What causes high levels of triglycerides in the blood? |
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Definition
| consumption of starchy and fatty foods |
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Term
| How are triglycerides absorbed? |
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Definition
| The pancreatic enzyme lipase acts releases the fatty acids so they can be absorbed (lipolysis). |
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Term
| How are triglycerides broken down? |
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Definition
| They are broken down to fatty acids and then absorbed by the small intestine. |
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Term
| Triglycerides are an important component of which two lipid transporter proteins? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens after fatty acids from triglycerides are absorbed in the intestine? |
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Definition
| They enter the cells that make up the intestinal lining, where they are rebuilt and packaged with cholesterol and proteins to form chylomicrons. |
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Term
| Where do the chlyomicrons go? |
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Definition
| They are collected by the lymph system (lacteals in the intestinal villi), which transport them to the thoracic lymph duct, and are dumped into the subclavian vein to be mixed into the blood. |
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Term
| Once chlyomicrons are in the blood, where do they go? |
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Definition
| Various tissues can capture the chylomicrons, releasing the triglycerides to be used as a source of energy when glucose is not available. |
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Term
| What two cells can synthesize and store triglycerides? |
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Definition
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Term
| When glucose levels are low, what does the body require as an energy source? |
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Definition
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Term
| What hormone signals the production of lipase, which breaks down the triglycerides to release free fatty acids? |
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Definition
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Term
| When glucose levels are low, can the brain utilize fatty acids as an energy source? |
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Definition
| No. The brain can only use glucose |
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Term
| How can the brain get more glucose when there is not enough? |
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Definition
| The glycerol component of triglycerides can be converted into glucose by way of glycolysis. |
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Term
| Do triglycerides cause heart disease? |
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Definition
| Probably not, but high levels are present in people with heart disease |
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Term
| When a high carbohydrate diet causes high levels of triglycerides in the blood, what is the condition is called? |
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Definition
| carbohydrate-induced hypertriglyceridemia |
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Term
| What does carbohydrate-induced hypertriglyceridemia do to a person’s glycemic index? What does that do to insulin levels? |
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Definition
| Elevates it, causing an overproduction of insulin |
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Term
| What is the function of insulin? |
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Definition
| It pulls glucose into the cells. If a cell is insulin |
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Term
| What happens when cells are resistant to insulin? |
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Definition
| resistant, the glucose will stay in the blood and spill into the urine. High levels of blood sugar will damage the brain and blood vessel lining. |
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Term
| What is the best food to reduce triglyceride levels? |
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Definition
| Up to 3 grams a day of omega-3 fatty acids from flax seed oil (linseed oil). |
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Term
| Why should you avoid Omega-3 fatty acids from fish oil, even though they are heavily advertised? |
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Definition
| Because fish oils are too high in vitamin A, which is toxic in high levels. |
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Term
| What is the glycemic index? |
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Definition
| A measure of the effects of carbohydrates on blood sugar levels. |
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Term
| What makes a particular carbohydrate have a high glycemic index? What is an example of one? |
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Definition
Carbohydrates that break down quickly during digestion and release glucose rapidly into the bloodstream.
Glucose is an example. |
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Term
| What is an example of a carbohydrate with a low glycemic index? |
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Definition
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Term
| What carbohydrates have slower rates of digestion and absorption, causing a lower insulin demand, and are thus better for a diabetic? |
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Definition
| Foods with a lower glycemic index |
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Term
| What is the Body Mass Index (BMI)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What two things are used to calculate BMI? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Does BMI actually measure the percentage of body fat? |
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Definition
| No…you would have to weigh yourself in a swimming pool to calculate that. |
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Term
| What is the quickest, most readily available source of energy for the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are carbohydrates broken down into? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is broken down if there is not enough blood glucose between meals? |
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Definition
| Proteins (including heart muscle) are broken down to amino acids, which are broken down to glucose |
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Term
| What are examples of simple carbohydrates? |
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Definition
| Ice cream, cakes, and cookies. Plain white sugar from a box (called refined sugar) |
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Term
| Why sugars are called empty calories? |
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Definition
| Because they contribute to energy needs and weight gain without supplying any other nutritional requirements. |
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Term
| What are examples of complex carbohydrates? |
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Definition
| Whole grain pasta, rice, bread, and cereal. Less desirable complex carbohydrates (not good for overweight people) are potatoes and corn |
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Term
| Name some foods rich in protein |
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Definition
| red meat, fish, poultry, dairy products, legumes (i.e., peas and beans), nuts, and cereals |
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Term
| What happens to proteins that you eat? |
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Definition
| They are broken down into amino acids and turned into tissues like muscles, skin, hair, and nails. It’s also used to make proteins such as hemoglobin, plasma proteins, enzymes, and hormones. |
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Term
| How many amino acids are used to make all the proteins in our body? |
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Definition
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Term
What are essential amino acids?
How many are there? |
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Definition
| There are 8 amino acids which are required from the diet in adults because the body is unable to produce them. |
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Term
| What food contains all 20 types of amino acids? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens if one essential amino acid is missing |
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Definition
| The other 19 might not work right. |
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Term
| What combination of food provides all the essential amino acids? |
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Definition
| Cereal with milk and rice with beans or peas |
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Term
| Are amino acids stored in the body? |
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Definition
| No, a daily supply is needed. |
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Term
| How much meat does a person need per day? |
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Definition
| Two servings (the size of a deck of cards) |
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Term
| Which meats are high in protein but also high in fat? |
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Definition
| Red meat (can be 42% fat) |
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|
Term
| What protein sources are low in fat? |
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Definition
| protein from plant origins (whole-grain cereals, dark breads, and legumes) |
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Term
| Why are protein and amino acid supplements not good? |
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Definition
They are not digested as well
They can cause you to have an excess of one amino acid or another |
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Term
| What happens if you have an excess of just one amino acid? |
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Definition
| It competes for receptor sites in the small intestine, causing a deficiency in absorption of the other amino acids. |
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Term
| What type of fats raise LDL (bad) cholesterol? Name 2 examples |
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Definition
| Saturated fats; they are solid at room temperature and have an animal origin. Butter and margarine |
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Term
| What type of fats lower LDL (bad) cholesterol? Name 2 examples |
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Definition
| Polyunsaturated fats; they are liquid at room temperature and have a plant origin. Olive oil, canola oil, corn oil, and safflower oil. |
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Term
| What are two plant oils that are NOT good, because they contain saturated fats? |
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Definition
| partially hydrogenated palm and coconut oil |
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Term
| Which meats are lower in saturated fats? |
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Definition
| Turkey, fish, and chicken. |
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Term
| How many days will it take to lose one pound of fat if you eat 500 calories less per day? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the reason why some people lose more than that? |
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Definition
| Water loss. It will come back. |
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Term
| What is the function of vitamins? |
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Definition
| They are needed for metabolism because they make a lot of the body’s enzymes. |
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Term
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Definition
| It breaks a larger molecule down into smaller ones |
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Term
| How many vitamins are there, and what are their 2 categories? |
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Definition
| 13 vitamins; fat soluble and water soluble |
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Term
| What happens to excess fat-soluble vitamins? |
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Definition
| They are stored in fat and liver, and can accumulate to a toxic level |
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|
Term
| What happens to excess water-soluble vitamins? |
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Definition
| They are excreted in the urine. That is okay as long as you are well hydrated. If not, they can cause kidney damage. |
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Term
| They are excreted in the urine. That is okay as long as you are well hydrated. If not, they can cause kidney damage. |
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Definition
| In the myelin sheaths (white matter). Excess vitamins can lodge there and disrupt action potentials. The corpus callosum is a large area of white matter in the brain. Dysfunction causes autism. |
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Term
|
Definition
| As a cell is functioning, it generates molecules that have an extra electron, which is called a free radical. |
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|
Term
| What substances deactivate free radicals? What are examples? |
|
Definition
Anti-oxidants
Vitamin C. E, and A, found in fruits and vegetables |
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|
Term
| How many servings of fruits and vegetables should you eat per day? |
|
Definition
| 5 servings (2 fruit, 3 vegetables). A serving is about one cup |
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Term
|
Definition
| Calcium, phosphorous, iodine, sodium, chloride, magnesium, potassium, zinc, copper, iron |
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|
Term
| What is phosphorus used for? |
|
Definition
| It is used as an energy molecule. It is part of ATP |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are sodium and chloride used for? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How much sodium is needed per day? What happens if you have too much? |
|
Definition
| 500 mg/day. Excess causes water retention, causing high blood pressure |
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|
Term
| What is potassium and sodium used for? |
|
Definition
| Muscle contraction and nerve conduction |
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|
Term
| What are some foods high in potassium |
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Definition
| Cantaloupe, avocados, potatoes, beans, bananas, fish, raisins, apricots, dates, and cocoa powder (think chocolate). |
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|
Term
| What is magnesium used for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some foods high in magnesium? |
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Definition
| Seeds, brans (wheat, rice, and oat), spinach, and cocoa. Any leafy greens have a high amount of magnesium because the center of the chlorophyll molecule is magnesium. |
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|
Term
What are some foods high in magnesium?
What are magnesium, zinc, and copper used for? |
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Definition
| They are critical for most enzymes |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| To make hemoglobin to transport oxygen in red blood cells |
|
|
Term
| How do males and females differ in their iron requirements? |
|
Definition
| Females need more, due to loss during menstruation. If you ingest too much, it makes you constipated. |
|
|
Term
| What is glucosamine? Where in the body is it found? |
|
Definition
| An amino sugar and a prominent precursor in the synthesis of certain proteins and lipids. It is an important component of joint cartilage |
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|
Term
| How are glucosamine supplements made? |
|
Definition
| Usually from the shells of crustaceans |
|
|
Term
| Why is it especially important not to let children become obese? |
|
Definition
| Their stem cells have not all differentiated yet. If they gain weight, these stem cells will become fat cells, and it will be hard for them to lose weight their whole life. |
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|
Term
| What surgery is for people more than 100 pounds overweight? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Eating to excess (called binge eating) and then purging themselves by some artificial means, such as self-induced vomiting or use of a laxative. |
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