Term
| Describe the proccess of digestion |
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Definition
- Mastication takes place in mouth. Food particles are mixed with amylase (enzyme) in saliva
- Deglutition (swallowing) begins in mouth and continues in the pharynx and the esophagus
- Churning in stomach mixes HCl w/food
- Absorption of most nutrients in the small intestine
- Absorption of water/electrolytes in lg intestine
- Further churning, peristalsis, and absorption help move the residual ingested mass alopng the full length of the large intestine, where it is stored until it is evacuated from the body
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Term
| The amount of energy required for basic life processes when the body is at rest |
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Definition
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Term
| Factors that increase Basal Metabolism |
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Definition
- Growth
- infections
- fever
- stress
- extreme environmental temperatures
- elevated levels of certain hormones
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Term
| Factors that decrease Basal Metabolism |
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Definition
- aging
- prolonged fasting and sleep
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Term
What is the BMR for men?
What is the BMR for women?
Which is higher and why? |
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Definition
Men = 1cal/kg of body weight per hour
Women = 0.9cal/kg per hour
Men's is higher due to a larger muscle mass |
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Term
| How is BMI calculated and wheat does it reflect? |
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Definition
BMI is calculated by taking your weight in lbs divided by height in inches x 703.
BMI reflects total body fat storage |
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Term
Nutrients that supply energy
List the 3 |
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Definition
macronutrients
Carbohydrates, proteins, fats (lipids) |
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Term
nutrients that regulate body processes
Name the 3 |
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Definition
micronutrients
Vitamins, Minerals, Water |
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Term
| Carbohydrates are made up of ______ and ______ and are organic compounds compoased of ______, _______, and ______. |
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Definition
sugars and starches
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen |
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Term
| Carbohydrates serve as the structural framework of _______; ______ is the only animal source |
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Definition
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Term
| How many calories per gram are carbohydrates? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are carbohydrates transported through the blood? |
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Definition
| they are converted to glucose |
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Term
| What do cells do to glucose and what do they provide? |
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Definition
| Cells oxidize glucose to provide energy, carbon dioxide, and water |
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Term
| how many grams of carbs are needed daily to prevent ketosis? |
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Definition
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Term
What two groups are Simple carbohydrates divided into?
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Definition
Monosaccharides - glucose, fructose, galactose
Disaccharides - sucrose, maltose, and lactose |
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Term
| What three groups are complex carbohydrates divided into? |
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Definition
Glycogen (animal version of starch)
Fiber
Starch (Glucose not used by plants stored as starch, and grains) |
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Term
Diabetes is a defect in ________/_________.
Diabetes is controlled with: _______,________,_______. |
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Definition
insulin production/insulin action
medicaitons, diet, exercise |
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Term
What are the signs and symptoms of Type 1 Diabetes?
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Definition
- Polyuria (^ urination)
- Polydyspia ( ^ thirst)
- Polyphagia (^ hunger)
- weight loss
- fatigue
- ^ freq of injections
- rapid onset
- insulin dependent
- early onset
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Term
| What are the signs and symptoms of Type II Diabetes |
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Definition
- sedentary lifestyle
- familial tendency
- avg 50 years old
- Hx of ^ BP
- fatigue
- decreased energy
- recurrent infections
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Term
| What are the signs and symptoms of Hypoglycemia |
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Definition
Tachycardia
Irritability
Restless
Excessive hunger
Diaphoresis
Depression
Hungry/Headache
Anxious
Blurred Vision
Shaky |
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Term
| When someone is hypoglycemic, do they need an increase in blood sugar or a decrease? |
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Definition
| They need to increase their blood sugar |
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Term
| What are the treatments of diabetes? |
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Definition
ADA diet (american diabetic association)
Meds: insulin subQ
Oral hypoglycemics: Metformin, glyburide |
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Term
| Contain sufficient amounds of essential amino acids to maintain body tissues and to promote growth |
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Definition
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Term
Contain sufficient amounds of amino acids to maintain life but do not promote growth
Do not contain sufficient amounts of all essential amino acids to maintain life, build tissue, or promote growth |
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Definition
Partially complete proteins
Incomplete proteins |
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Term
Organic compounds composed of polymers of amino acids connected by peptide bonds.
They contain _____, _____, ______, and _____. |
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Definition
Proteins
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen |
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Term
| How many cal/g are proteins? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is one measure of protein requirement and what does it compare? |
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Definition
| Nitrogen balance compares intake and excretion |
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Term
| When would you see a state of positive nitrogen balance (when intake is greater than excretion)? |
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Definition
when new tissues are being synthesized as in:
recovery from illness
athletic training
pregnancy
childhood growth |
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Term
| The undesirable condition of a negative nitrogen balance (when excretion of nitrogen exceeds the intake) may exist when? |
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Definition
when a disease or treatment is causing excessive tissue breakdown
When the diet is inadequate in protein, calories, or both |
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Term
- Fats are either ______ or _____.
- _______ in water.
- ___-___% total intake.
- Composed of ____, _____, and ____.
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Definition
- saturated (animal) or unsaturated (veg)
- insoluable
- 20-30%
- Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen
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Term
Where does digestion of fats largely occur?
How many cal/g are fats? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the absorption of fat soluable vitamins |
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Term
- Cholesterol occurs in all _____ food and none in _____ foods.
- Is Required for synthesis of some ______.
- Is an essential component of ____ ______.
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Definition
1. animal ; plant
2. hormones
3. cell membrane |
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Term
Cholesterol
Should be < ___mg/dl
HDL should be > ___mg/dl for males
> ___mg/dl for females
LDL should be between ___-___mg/dl |
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Definition
200mg/dl
HDL (M) >45
HDL (F) >55
LDL 60-190mg/dl |
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Term
Vitams are essential for ______.
They are ____ and ____ soluable. |
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Definition
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Term
Macrominerals include (3):
Microminerals include (4):
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Definition
Macro: calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium
Micro: iron, zinc, manganese, and iodine |
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Term
| Factors influencing Nutrition |
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Definition
- developmental needs
- physiologic factors
- gender
- ethnicity/culture/religion
- health
- psychologic factors
- alcohol/drugs/medications
- lifestyle/socioeconomic status
- food fads/beliefs about food
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Term
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Definition
Anthropometric: Height, Weight, IBW, Usual body weight, BMI
Biochemical: Laboratory values
Clinical: Assessment of skin,hair, nails, subQ, activity, food allergies
Dietary: 24-hr food recall, food freq record, food diary, diet history |
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