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nutrition review
nln nutrition review
112
Nursing
Not Applicable
05/20/2012
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Term
Name 3 functions of the first 3 major classes of nutrition
 Definition
 Carbs, provide energy, converted into glucose,
 Proteins, tissue growth, repair and wound healing
 Fats, concentrated source of energy, insulate, protect organs, component in cell membranes
Term
 How does the pyramid help nurses teach pt. about nutrition activity
 Definition
 Encourages activity 30 min a day, 60-90 min for weight loss
 Teaches balance and proportions from each food group
Term
 What are the 5 food groups
 Definition
 Grains
 Veggies
 Fruits
 Milk
 Meat and beans
Term
 Give 10 examples of where carbs come from
 Definition
 Glucose; grapes, oranges, dates, carrots
 Fructose; honey, fruits
 Fiber; bran, apples, beans, cabbage
 Lactose; milk
 Sucrose; granulated table sugar, molasses, apricots, peaches, plums, honeydew and cantaloupe
 Starch; wheat, corn, oats, rye, barley, potatoes and pasta, beets, carrots, and peas
Term
Monosaccharide:
 Definition
A carbohydrate that cannot be decomposed to a simpler carbohydrate by hydrolysis, especially one of the hexoses. Also called simple sugar. Examples: milk, fruits, vegetables
Term
 Disaccharide
 Definition
Any of a class of carbohydrates, including lactose and sucrose, that yield two monosaccharide’s upon hydrolysis, examples : honey, maple sugar , sweet fruits, vegetables
Term
 Polysaccharide
 Definition
Any of a class of carbohydrates, such as starch and cellulose, consisting of a number of monosaccharide’s joined by glycosidic bonds. Also called glycan. Examples: corn, potatoes, peel of apple
Term
 What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids
 Definition
 Saturated fatty acids have chemical bonds that are completely filled, animal origin, solid at room temperature, increase blood cholesterol levels and risk of atherosclerosis
 Unsaturated fatty acids have a hydrogen missing, from plant sources, liquid at room temperature, lowers blood cholesterol
Term
 What is cholesterol and why do we need it?
 Definition
 Cholesterol is a lipid in a class called sterols, HDL (good cholesterol) is used for repair, internal healing, stores bile, makes mylin sheath, consolidates gallstones
Term
 What is the difference between LDL and HDL?
 Definition
 HDL are high density lipoproteins, they transport cholesterol from the blood stream to the liver to be degraded and excreted
 LDL are low density lipoproteins, which increase the risk of atherosclerosis by contributing to plaque buildup on the artery walls
Term
 name 3 functions of the second 3 major classes of nutrients
 Definition
 vitamins, help with development, blood clotting, metabolism, cell synthesis, wound healing
 minerals, help in formation of bones, nerve conduction, fluid and acid balance, oxygen transport, growth and development
 water, is the nutrient most vital to life, acts as a solvent and necessary for most chemical processes to occur, lubricates food, protects moving parts, aids in digestion, regulates body temperature
Term
define amino acid
 Definition
building blocks of protein, 20 different kinds, 9 are essential
Term
 Differentiate between complete and incomplete proteins
 Definition
 Complete proteins are ones that contain all 9 essential amino acid in sufficient quantity and ratio for body needs, meat, poultry, fish, soy and dairy
 Incomplete proteins are those that are lacking in one or more of the essential amino acids, legumes, nuts and seeds
Term
Explain the body's need for water
 Definition
 Water, is the nutrient most vital to life, acts as a solvent and necessary for most chemical processes to occur without it will bring detrimental effects more rapidly than any other, 60% of adult weight is water, 80%of infant weight is water, if needs not met, dehydration will occur and can be life threatening
Term
 Describe 4 functions of water
 Definition
 is the nutrient most vital to life, acts as a solvent and necessary for most chemical processes to occur, lubricates food, protects moving parts, aids in digestion, regulates body temperature
Term
 Name 3 nutrition considerations for childhood, adolescence, elderly
 Definition
 Childhood: serving sizes are smaller, critical for instilling good dietary habits, offer nutritious foods from all food groups
 Adolescence: influenced by peers, iron needs increase with menstruation, need increase activity and increased calories
 Elderly: need nutrient dense foods and fewer calories
Term
What contains cholesterol
 Definition
 Animal products, nuts, beans, fruits and veggies, dairy products
Term
 Difference between mono, di, and poly saccarride
 Definition
 Monosaccharide's are simple sugars such as Glucose = (also know as dextrose) fruits, corn syrup, and honey. Fructose = Fruit sugar found in honey and fruit; can be manufactured ,Galactose = Produced from lactose milk sugar.
 Disaccharides consists of two monosaccharide molecules; one is always glucose: Sucrose = glucose & fructose, Lactose = glucose & galactose
 Polysaccharides are complex and considered starches rather than sugar. They are glucose linked together in long chains: Starch, dextrin, glycogen, and cellulose.
 Diabetics should eat complex sugars because they take longer to break down
Term
Best protein for vegetarians
 Definition
 Soy and soy products
Term
 Goal of digestion to get energy into cell, how does it take place with protein, sugar and fat
 Definition
 Protein is broken down by amino acids
 Sugar turns into glucose, and insulin is used to get it into the cell
 Fat uses bile to break it down, trypsin and lipase break down into fatty acids to get in the cell
Term
 What nurrients are needed for bone formation, what is the taxi for these elements to get into the bone
 Definition
 Calcium- Builds bones, both in length and strength
 Protein- Forms the collagen matrix
 Magnesium- Links with calcium & phosphorus to harden bone
 Phosphorus- Bonds with calcium for bone strength
 Vitamin A- Enables bone remodeling
 Vitamin D- Aids in calcium & phosphorus absorption and is the taxi to get into the bone
 Potassium-Helps preserve bone mass, reduces bone loss & breakage due to osteoporosis
 Fluoride-Great factor in the major decrease of tooth decay
Term
 Nutrient requirements for men and women
 Definition
 Men – need more carbs, fiber, and protein due to bigger body mass, burns more energy, and has more physical excretion.
 Women – needs more iron due to menstrual cycle. They need more calcium for lowering the risks of osteoporosis during menopause.
Term
 Nutrient requirement for the elderly
 Definition
 Calcium & vitamin D for their bones, Vitamin B12 due to decrease in stomach acid, Folic acid to decrease heart disease & strokes. Vitamin C & vitamin E for well eye function. Need more fluids, less calories and more fiber
Term
 What foods contain calcium
 Definition
 Asparagus, Broccoli, Carr0ts, Calcium-Fortified Juices , Canned Salmon & Sardines (with bones), Cheese, Collard Greens, Green beans, spinach, whey
Term
 Diet for a cardiac pt
 Definition
 Goal should be 7% of calories from saturated & less than 1% from trans-fat. Less than 300 mg of cholesterol & less than 1500 mg of sodium a day.
 To prevent fat build up & fluid retention.
Term
 Foods containing iron
 Definition
 Beef, Pork, Liver, Beans, Clams, Fish, Nuts/seeds, Green leafy vegetables, Raisins, Peaches
Term
 Nrsg, interventions to prevent heart burn
 Definition
 Sit up for 1 – 2 hours after eating
 Hydrate with fluids between meals
 Avoid alcohol & smoking
 Eat small frequent meals
 Avoid problem foods
 Avoid snaking at night and right before bedtime
Term
 Basal metabolism
 Definition
 Energy needed while lying in bed, stess free, and normal temp, to know how many calories to gain/loose weight esp for bed riddedn pt
Term
 Celiac disease, what foods to avoid
 Definition
 Celiac disease is an disease that does not allow the body to absorb certain nutrients. This is caused by a sensitivity to gluten that makes the digestive system unable to deal with fats.
 Foods to avoid:
 Pastas
 Wheat
 Barley
 Rye
 Oats
Term
 Caloric requirements for males and females
 Definition
 2400-3000 males, 2000 -2400females, 30 min exercise 3-5 Qweek
Term
 Function of iron in the body
 Definition
 Transport and storage of oxygen
 Aid in energy production and cell diffusion
 Helps the immune and Central Nervous System
Term
 Function of fiber
 Definition
 To prevent constipation
 Helps with lowering cholesterol
 Helps by reducing triglycerides
 Helps with weight control and loosing weight
 Helps control Diabetes
 Helps lower blood pressure
 Reduces the risk of colon cancer
Term
 Saturated fat, foods that contain it
 Definition
 Saturated fat has a chemical make-up in which the carbon atoms are completely filled or saturated with hydrogen atoms., are found in animal origin. are usually solid at room temperature. Raises LDL,
 Avoid, Bacon, Meat, Organ meats (liver & kidneys) Processed meats (hot dogs, salami, bologna & sausages) Lard Oils (coconut & palm) Sour cream Butter Dairy products (whole) Egg yolks Pastries Cookies Chips
Term
 Foods conitain potassium
 Definition
 Apples & Apricots
 Bananas
 Berries & Strawberries
 Beans
 Dates & Figs
 Melons & Mushrooms
 Oranges
 Peas & Potatoes
Term
Foods low in fat and cholesterol to suggest to pts
 Definition
 Whole Grains including:
whole wheat, brown rice , whole oats, high fiber foods, tortillas, melba toast, soda crackers, whole grain cereals
 Beans & Peas including:, kidney lima soy pinto black navy beans, green peas chickpeas black-eyed peas
 Dairy foods including:, 1%/fat free: milk – yogurts – cottage cheese – ice- cream & frozen yogurts
 Lean meats including: Beef pork lamb poultry without skin, fish seafood
 Fresh, frozen, dried, unsweetened, canned fruits & juices
 Fresh, frozen & low-sodium vegetables
Term
 Increased WBC
 Definition
 An increased production of white blood cells to fight an infection
 A reaction to a drug that enhances white blood cell production
 A disease of bone marrow, causing abnormally high production of white blood cells
 An immune system disorder that increases white blood cell production
Term
 Decreased WBC
 Definition
 Viral infections that temporarily disrupt bone marrow function
 Congenital disorders characterized by diminished bone marrow function
 Cancer or other diseases that damage bone marrow
 Autoimmune disorders that destroy white blood cells or bone marrow cells
 Overwhelming infections that use up white blood cells faster than they can be produced
 Drugs that destroy white blood cells or damage bone marrow
Term
 Decreased Albumin
 Definition
• Albumin is a protein that keeps fluid it the blood
 Edema, immunosuppressed
 Dehydration
 Hypothyroidism
Term
 Decreased potassium
 Definition
 When excess water loss occurs in the body potassium levels may decrease. Excess water loss is caused by diarrhea, excessive sweating, vomiting and the use of diuretics
Term
 Low RBC
 Definition
 Anemia
 Bone marrow failure (for example, from radiation, toxins, or tumor)
 Erythropoietin deficiency (secondary to kidney disease)
 Hemolysis (RBC destruction) due to transfusion, blood vessel injury, or other cause
 Hemorrhage (bleeding)
Term
 Cultural foods
 Definition
 Asian Americans: Soy sauce, Rice, Raw fish
 Hispanic Americans: Rice, Beans, Spicy foods, Tortillas
 African Americans: Fried foods, Pork, Greens, Rice
 Patients are allowed to have outside food on the condition that the Physician has given permission and there is an order in the patients chart. The food choices also need to coincide with what is allowed.
Term
 Parenteral nutrition
 Definition
 Parenteral nutrition is intravenous feedings.
 Formula for TPN and PPN consists of glucose, amino acids, vitamins, minerals, water, carbohydrates and electrolytes. Blood sugar monitoring needs to be done due to Hyperglycemia being a side effect.
 Fatty acids mixed separately
TPN is thru central line
PPN in thru periphial line
Term
clear liquid diet
 Definition
a non irritating diet with liquids that are easily digested and absorbed and leave little residue in the GI tract, typically used before and after surgery, diagnosis tests
Term
 Anthropometric measurements
 Definition
 are used in nutritional assessments, used to assess growth and development in infants, children, and adolescents include length, height, weight, weight-for-length, and head circumference (length is used in infants and toddlers, rather than height, because they are unable to stand). Individual measurements are usually compared to reference standards on a growth chart, for adults are then compared to reference standards to assess weight status and the risk for various diseases.
Term
 Ketones in diabetics
 Definition
the body uses ketones instead of sugar, can cause ketoacidosis,very bad can cause death, tx of low sugar is glucagon, high sugar give insulin
 Ketones are Fatty acids, broken down by the liver and kidneys
Term
 Diabetics and fluid status
 Definition
 The Kidneys filter out an overwhelming level of glucose by washing it away with increased urination, called osmotic dieresis
Term
 Lactose intolerance symptoms
 Definition
 Diarrhea, abd distention, cramps abd pain, excessive flatus
Term
 How do Insulin and glucagon maintain blood glucose in body
 Definition
tores nutrients right after a meal by reducing the concentrations of: Glucose, fatty acids, & amino acids in the bloodstream,  Glucagon increases sugar levels
Term
 Pernicious anemia
 Definition
 Anemia is a condition in which the body does not have a sufficient number of red blood cells or hemoglobin.
 it is a disease caused by impaired uptake of vitamin B-12 due to the lack of intrinsic factor (IF) in the gastric mucosa
Term
 BMI
 Definition
 Height, age, weight, sex
 < 18.5 underweight, < 25 normal, >30 overweight
Term
 Recommended water in 24 hours
 Definition
 1.5-3 L
Term
 Best nutritional pattern for meal intake
 Definition
 A variety of nutrient dense foods, balanced proportions of fruits, grains, veggies, protein and dairy
Term
 Assess pt nutrition in hospital
 Definition
Labs, Weight, skin tugor, oral intake
Term
 Assess pt nutrition at home
 Definition
 Check whats in the fridge/cupboards, dention, meds, physical limitations, social isolation
Term
 USRDA recommendation for daily fat intake
 Definition
 20-35% of calories from fat
Term
 Primary functions of protein
 Definition
 Building of body tissue, Repairing of body tissue , regulation of body processes, and formation of enzymes and hormones, Movement, immune response, Transportation, acid -base balance, fluid balance and chemical reactions, collagen
Term
 How does aging change digestion/ nutrition
 Definition
 In the large intestine, materials move through a little more slowly. In some people, this slowing contributes to constipation
 The digestive tract may produce less lactase, an enzyme the body needs to digest milk.
 Less olfactory senses, they like to have food with more spice and sweets so they can taste I, they should eat more easy to digest proteins from veggies
Term
 What vitamin is needed for RBC production, what foods is it found in
 Definition
 B12, found in meat, eggs and dairy products
Term
 Food pyramid
 Definition
 Grains- 6oz
 Veggies 2.5 cups
 Fruits 2cups
 Milk 3 cups
 Meat and beans 5.5 oz
Term
 Gastric feedings
 Definition
 Hold is residual 150ml or greater, check feedings qshift, asses placement before, feedings, meds and flush
Term
Vitamin B3 deficiency
 Definition
niacin
Deficiency Disease: Pellagra

Fatigue
-Muscle weakness
-Headache
-Backache
-Anorexia
-Indigestion
Term
Vitamin K foods
 Definition
dark leafy greens, blueberries, grapes
Term
Vitamin E foods
 Definition
vegetable oils, tropical fruits, berries, dark leafy greens
Term
Vitamin C foods
 Definition
citrus fruits, strawberries and melon, red bell peppers
Term
Vitamin A foods
 Definition
sweet potatoes, carrots and mangos, watermelon
Term
folic acid foods
 Definition
citrus fruits, lettuce and spinach, peas and beans
Term
Vitamin K deficiency
 Definition
Deficiency Disease: Hemorrhagic disease in newborns

Signs / Symptoms of deficiency:
-Petechiae
-Ecchymoses
-Bleeding into the joints or muscles
-GI bleeding
-Asthenia
Term
Vitamin E deficiency
 Definition
Rare symptoms may include anemia & edema
Term
Vitamin D deficiency
 Definition
Rickets, delayed tooth development, osteoporosis & hypocalcaemia
Term
Vitamin C deficiency
 Definition
asorbic acid
Deficiency Disease: Scurvy

Signs/Symptoms of deficiency:
-Intermittent joint pains
-Gum disease
-Dry skin
-Irritability
-Anemia
-Poor wound healing
-Increased susceptibility to infection
Term
Vitamin B1 deficiency
 Definition
thiamine, deficiency can be caused by a number of factors and diseases such as alcoholism, HIV, vomiting, and other gastrointestinal illnesses.

Signs/Symptoms of deficiency:
-Fatigue -Restlessness
-Anorexia -Weakness
-Lack of interest -Indigestion
-Irritability -Constipation
Term
amount of protein Qday
 Definition
Female 46 g of protein each day.
Male 56 g of protein each per day
Term
Vitamin A deficiency
 Definition
Poor night vision, macular degeneration; hearing, taste, smell nerve damage.
Term
B2 deficiency
 Definition
(Riboflavin) – skin lesions, dizziness, hair loss, poor digestion & sore throat
Term
Vitamin B12
 Definition
(Cyanocobalamin)- Unsteady gait, chronic fatigue, constipation, depression & dizziness pernicious anemia
Term
b12 foods
 Definition
animal products, meat fish poultry, dairy products
Term
B1 foods
 Definition
unrefined whole grains, enriched and fortified grains a cereals
Term
Vitamin D foods
 Definition
fortified milk, margarine, egg yolks,
Term
Vitamin b2 foods
 Definition
milk, meats, enriched grains and cereals
Term
b3 foods
 Definition
meat, poultry, enriched grains and cereals
Term
iron function
 Definition
trace mineral, part of hemoglobin and myoglobin , necessary for oxygen transport
Term
iodine function
 Definition
trace mineral, regulates metabolism, growth and development
Term
zinc function
 Definition
trace mineral, part of many enzymes involved in metabolism
Term
selenium function
 Definition
trace mineral, antioxidant
Term
Vitamin K function
 Definition
fat soluble, formation of blood clotting factors
Term
Vitamin E function
 Definition
fat soluble,antioxidant, protection of cell membranes
Term
Vitamin D function
 Definition
fat soluble,maintain blood calcium and phosphorus balance
Term
Vitamin A function
 Definition
fat soluble,vision
Term
Vitamin C function
 Definition
water soluble antioxidant, wound healing, growth
Term
Vitamin B1 function
 Definition
water soluble(thiamine) carbohydrate metabolism
Term
Vitamin B2 function
 Definition
water soluble,riboflavin) general metabolism
Term
Vitamin B12 function
 Definition
water soluble(cyanoncobalamin) new cell synthesis, maintenance of nerve cells,
Term
Folic acid function
 Definition
water soluble(folate) nucleic acid synthesis
Term
sodium function
 Definition
major minerals,fluid and acid base balance, nerve conduction and muscle contraction
Term
sulfur function
 Definition
major minerals,essential constituent of proteins and metabolism
Term
chloride function
 Definition
major minerals,fluid and acid base balance
Term
potassium function
 Definition
major minerals,muscle contraction including the heart
Term
magnesium function
 Definition
major minerals,bone mineralization blood pressure regulation
Term
phosphorus function
 Definition
major minerals, essential component of bone, energy metabolism
Term
calcium function
 Definition
major minerals,formation and maintenance of bones, teeth, blood clotting, nerve conduction, muscle contraction
Term
kwashikors disease
 Definition
lack of protein
Term
albumin level and function
 Definition
23-43 keeps protein in the blood
Term
renal diet
 Definition
no citrus, low salt, low protein
Term
iron overload diet
 Definition
low protein
Term
cirrhosis diet
 Definition
no alcohol, low protein, low sodium, high fiber
Term
chrons diet
 Definition
high fiber
Term
Ulcerative colitis diet
 Definition
lover fiber, low residue
Term
divertiulosis/itis diets
 Definition
osis-high fiber
itis- low fiber, both no seeds, nuts, corn or broccoli
Term
nephrotic syndrome diet
 Definition
low sodium and low protein
Term
pancreatitis diet
 Definition
NPO/TPN
Term
cholecystic diet
 Definition
no fat
Term
pregnancy
 Definition
more iron, calcium and folic acid, 300 more calories, 500 more when lactating, increase fluids
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