Term
|
Definition
• Large, complex molecules found in the cells of all living things
• Critical components of all the tissues of the human body
• Function in metabolism, immunity, fluid balance, and nutrient transport
• In certain circumstances, provide energy
• Contain a special form of nitrogen our bodies can readily use |
|
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Term
|
Definition
are the nitrogen-containing molecules that
combine to form proteins |
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Term
|
Definition
• Cannot be produced by our bodies
• Must be obtained from food
• Nine of 20 amino acids in our bodies are essential |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| • Can be made by our bodies |
|
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Term
|
Definition
• When two amino acids join together in a peptide bond, they form a dipeptide
• Ten or more amino acids bonded together form a
polypeptide
• Proteins are made by combining multiple amino acids |
|
|
Term
| How do you form a polypeptide? |
|
Definition
• Ten or more amino acids bonded together form a
polypeptide |
|
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Term
|
Definition
use of the genetic information in DNA to
make RNA |
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Term
|
Definition
| They copy the genetic information and carries it to the ribosome |
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Term
| How many essential and nonessential amino acids are there? |
|
Definition
9 essential
11 non essential |
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Term
| What does translation mean in reference to how are proteins made? |
|
Definition
conversion of genetic information in RNA to
assemble amino acids in the proper sequence to synthesize a protein on the ribosome |
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Term
|
Definition
| The process of transferring the amine group from one amino acid to another in order to manufacture a new amino acid. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The process through which messenger RNA copies genetic information from DNA in the nucleus. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The process that occurs when the genetic information carried by messenger RNA is translated into a chain of amino acids at the ribosome |
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Term
|
Definition
| Shuttle oxygen, waste products, lipids, some vitamins, and sodium and potassium through your blood and into and out of cells through cell membranes |
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Term
|
Definition
| When two amino acids join together |
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|
Term
| What is a bi-product of amino acid bonding (creating a dipeptide for example) |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Protein structure has four levels |
|
Definition
– Primary structure
Sequential order of amino acids
– Secondary structure
Spiral shape due to chemical bonding between the
amino acids
– Tertiary and quaternary structure
Further folding into a unique three-dimensional
shape that may be globular or fibrous |
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Term
| What is the primary structure of protein structure |
|
Definition
| Sequential order of amino acids |
|
|
Term
| What is the secondary structure of protein structure |
|
Definition
Spiral shape due to chemical bonding between the
amino acids |
|
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Term
| What is the tertiary and quaternary structure of protein structure |
|
Definition
Further folding into a unique three-dimensional
shape that may be globular or fibrous |
|
|
Term
| Proteins lose shape (denaturation) when subjected to |
|
Definition
– Heat
– Acids and bases
– Heavy metals
– Alcohol |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| an irreversible loss in protein function |
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|
Term
|
Definition
does not contain all essential amino
acids in sufficient quantities
• Growth and health are compromised
• Considered a “low-quality” protein |
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|
Term
|
Definition
contains sufficient amounts of all nine essential amino acids
• Considered a “high-quality” protein |
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Term
|
Definition
| combining two incomplete proteins to make a complete protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
two protein sources that together
supply all nine essential amino acids
• Example: beans and rice |
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|
Term
|
Definition
• Large, complex molecules found in the cells of all living things
• Critical components of all the tissues of the human body
• Function in metabolism, immunity, fluid balance, and nutrient transport
• In certain circumstances, provide energy
• Contain a special form of nitrogen our bodies can readily use |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Complete protein combinations |
|
Definition
Red beans and rice
Minestrone soup
Chickpeas and couscous
Hummus (garbanzo beans and sesame seeds)
Peanut butter and bread
Barley and lentil soup
Corn tortilla and beans
Tofu and broccoli w/ almonds
Spinach salad w/ pine nuts and kidney beans
Lentil soup w/ slivered almonds
Sesame seeds with mixed bean salad |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Cell growth, repair, and maintenance
• Enzymes
• Hormones
• Fluid and electrolyte balance
• pH balance
• Antibodies to protect against disease
• Energy source
• Transport and storage of nutrients
• Compounds such as neurotransmitters, fibrin, and collagen |
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|
Term
Blood pressure causes fluid to be filtered out of capillary
Tissue fluid |
|
Definition
| Proteins in blood cause fluid to be drawn back into capillary |
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Term
| Facilitated transport protein |
|
Definition
Sodium binds to transport protein
Releases outside of cell
Potassium binds to transport protein
Releases inside of cell |
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|
Term
| Stomach acids and enzymes break proteins into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| • Digestion of proteins continues in the small intestine, where |
|
Definition
| the polypeptides are further broken down |
|
|
Term
| Pancreatic enzymes called proteases |
|
Definition
| complete the digestion of proteins into single amino acids |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Proteins in foods are crushed by chewing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Proteins are denatured in the stomach by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pepsin is activated to break proteins |
|
Definition
| Into single amino acids and smaller polypeptides |
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|
Term
| In the small intestine proteases |
|
Definition
| Are secreted to digest polypeptides into smaller units |
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|
Term
| Cells in the wall of the small intestine complete the breakdown of |
|
Definition
Dipeptides and tripeptides into single amino acids
Which are absorbed into the bloodstream |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Proteases, which are released into the small intestine |
|
|
Term
| Amino acids are transported to the liver where |
|
Definition
| They are converted to glucose or fat, used for energy or to build new proteins, or sent to the cells as needed |
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|
Term
| Protein digestibility affects |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Animal protein sources (meat, dairy), soy products, and legumes are |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Grains and vegetable proteins are |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| People who require more protein include |
|
Definition
– Children
– Adolescents
– Pregnant or lactating women
– Athletes
– Vegetarians |
|
|
Term
| Nitrogen balance describes the relationship between how |
|
Definition
| much nitrogen (or protein) we consume and excrete each day |
|
|
Term
| Positive nitrogen balance |
|
Definition
| Needed for periods of growth pregnancy, recovery from illness, or protein deficiency |
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|
Term
| Negative nitrogen balance |
|
Definition
| Results from starvation, consumption of very-low-energy diets, severe illness, infections, serious burns, or injuries |
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Term
|
Definition
| Found in healthy adults who are not pregnant |
|
|
Term
| How Much Protein Should We Eat? |
|
Definition
• Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)
– 0.8 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight per
day
– 10–35% of total energy intake should be from protein |
|
|
Term
| Most Americans meet or exceed the RDA for |
|
Definition
• dietary protein
• This is true for many athletes as well
• Certain groups of athletes, such as distance runners, figure skaters, female gymnasts, and wrestlers who are dieting, are at risk for low protein intake |
|
|
Term
| Protein sources other than meat |
|
Definition
Protein sources include much more than just meat
– Legumes
– Nuts
– “New” foods quorn, quinoa, amaranth, teff, millet, and sorghum |
|
|
Term
| The risks of too much dietary protein include |
|
Definition
– High cholesterol and heart disease
Diets high in protein from animal sources are associated with high blood cholesterol
– Kidney disease
High-protein diets are associated with an increased risk of kidney disease in people who are susceptible
• There is no evidence that high-protein diets lead to bone loss, except in people consuming inadequate calcium |
|
|
Term
| Protein-energy malnutrition: a disorder caused by |
|
Definition
inadequate intake of protein and energy
• There are two common, serious forms
– Marasmus
– Kwashiorkor |
|
|
Term
| Marasmus is a disease resulting from |
|
Definition
severely inadequate intakes of protein, energy, and other nutrients
• It is characterized by extreme tissue wasting and stunted growth and development |
|
|
Term
| Kwashiorkor is a disease resulting from |
|
Definition
extremely low protein intake
• Kwashiorkor symptoms include
– Some weight loss and muscle wasting
– Edema resulting in distention of the belly
– Retarded growth and development
• Kwashiorkor is often seen in children in developing countries |
|
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Term
| Skim milk vs Whole milk who has more protein |
|
Definition
| Skim milk 8.8 grams vs 7.7 grams |
|
|
Term
| Cottage cheese has how many grams of protein |
|
Definition
23.6 grams
Lots of protein |
|
|
Term
| Vegetarian diets can be low in some vitamins and minerals |
|
Definition
| (iron, calcium, zinc, vitamins D and vitamin B twelve) |
|
|
Term
Semivegetarian (also
called flexitarian or
plant-based diet) |
|
Definition
Vegetables, grains, nuts,
fruits, legumes; sometimes
meat, seafood, poultry, eggs,
and dairy products
Typically exclude or limit red
meat; may also avoid other
meats |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Similar to semivegetarian but
excludes poultry
Pesco means “fish,” the only
animal source of protein in this
diet
Excludes animal flesh and
seafood
Lacto-vegetarian Similar to lacto-ovovegetarian
but excludes eggs
Relies on milk and cheese for
animal sources of protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Vegetables, grains, nuts, fruits, legumes, dairy products (lacto), and eggs (ovo)
Excludes animal flesh and
seafood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Similar to lacto-ovovegetarian but excludes eggs
Relies on milk and cheese for animal sources of protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Vegetables, grains, nuts,
fruits, legumes, and eggs
Excludes dairy, flesh, and seafood products |
|
|
Term
Vegan (also called
strict vegetarian) |
|
Definition
Only plant-based foods
(vegetables, grains, nuts,
seeds, fruits, legumes)
May not provide adequate vitamin B
twelve, zinc, iron, or
calcium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Vegan-type diet; becomes
progressively more strict until
almost all foods are
eliminated; at the extreme,
only brown rice and small
amounts of water or herbal tea
Taken to the extreme, can
cause malnutrition and death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Only raw or dried fruit, seeds,
nuts, honey, and vegetable oil
Very restrictive diet; deficient in
protein, calcium, zinc, iron,
vitamin B twelve, riboflavin, and
other nutrients |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Assists with DNA
synthesis; protection and
growth of nerve fibers
vitamin B twelve –fortified cereals, yeast, soy products, and other meat analogs; vitamin B twelve supplements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Promotes bone growth
Vitamin D–fortified cereals, margarines,
and soy products; adequate exposure to
sunlight; supplementation may be
necessary for those who do not get
adequate exposure to sunlight |
|
|
Term
Riboflavin
(vitamin B
twelve) |
|
Definition
Promotes release of
energy; supports normal
vision and skin health
Whole and enriched grains, green leafy
vegetables, mushrooms, beans, nuts, and
seeds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Assists with oxygen
transport; involved in
making amino acids and
hormones
Whole-grain products, prune juice, dried
fruits, beans, nuts, seeds, and leafy
vegetables (such as spinach) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Maintains bone health;
assists with muscle
contraction, blood
pressure, and nerve
transmission
Fortified soy milk and tofu, almonds, dry
beans, leafy vegetables, calcium-fortified
juices, and fortified breakfast cereals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Assists with DNA and
RNA synthesis, immune
function, and growth
Whole-grain products, wheat germ,
beans, nuts, and seeds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– Carbohydrates
– Fats
– Protein
– Provide energy
– Required in relatively large amounts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– Vitamins
– Minerals
– Do not supply energy
– Required in relatively small amounts
– Assist body functions (e.g., energy metabolism, maintenance of healthy cells and tissues)
– Absorption may be very low (3–10%) when compared to macronutrients (85–99%)
– Many micronutrients need to be chemically altered before they are active in the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– Organic compounds
– Thirteen are essential
– Nine are soluble in water
– Four are soluble in fat |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of fat-soluble vitamins |
|
Definition
• Large storage capability
• Toxicity is possible
• Deficiency symptoms may take many months to develop
• May occur in numerous chemical forms |
|
|
Term
Ascorbic acid
(vitamin C)
Antioxidant |
|
Definition
Antioxidant in extracellular fluid and
lungs
Regenerates oxidized vitamin E
Assists with collagen synthesis
Enhances immune function
Assists in synthesis of hormones, neurotransmitters, and DNA
Enhances iron absorption
Toxicity: Nausea and
diarrhea, nosebleeds,
increased oxidative
damage, increased
formation of kidney stones
in people with kidney
disease
Deficiency: Scurvy, bone
pain and fractures,
depression, anemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sweet peppers, citrus
fruits and juices,
broccoli, strawberries,
kiwi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Toxicity: Nausea and
diarrhea, nosebleeds,
increased oxidative
damage, increased
formation of kidney stones
in people with kidney
disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Scurvy, bonepain and fractures,depression, anemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
VISION
Healthy Bones
Immune system
Men needs more except iron
Foods chicken liver
precursors spinach carrots mango
Def |
|
|
Term
| Deficiency of Vitamin A can cause |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of water-soluble vitamins |
|
Definition
• Minimal storage capability
• Toxicity is rare
• Deficiency symptoms occur quickly
• Excreted in urine when tissues are saturated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cobalamin (B12) deficiency |
|
Definition
Pernicious anemia; tingling and numbness of extremities;
nerve damage; memory loss, disorientation, and
dementia |
|
|
Term
| Antioxidants are substances that may protect your cells against |
|
Definition
| free radicals, which may play a role in heart disease, cancer and other diseases. |
|
|
Term
| Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) enhances iron |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| RDA of Vitamin C for men and women are |
|
Definition
90mg a day men
75mg a day for women
35mg a day for smoker +
UL: 2000mg |
|
|
Term
| Difference between vitamins and minerals are |
|
Definition
| Minerals are not organic. They don't break down. Have to get it from somewhere on earth |
|
|
Term
| General properties of minerals |
|
Definition
• Inorganic
• Cannot be synthesized by plants or animals
• Not digested or broken down prior to absorption
• Two classifications based on need |
|
|
Term
• Required in amounts of at least 100 mg/day
• Body contains 5 g or higher
• Seven major minerals |
|
Definition
| Characteristics of major minerals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fluid balance
Acid–base balance
Transmission of
nerve impulses
Muscle contraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Toxicity: Water retention,
high blood pressure in some
populations, loss of calcium in
urine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Deficiency: Muscle cramps,
dizziness, fatigue, nausea,
vomiting, mental confusion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fluid balance
Transmission of
nerve impulses
Muscle contraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
AI:
Adults: 4.7 g/day
(4,700 mg/day) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Most fresh fruits and
vegetables: potatoes,
bananas, tomato
juice, orange juice,
melons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Toxicity: Muscle weakness,
vomiting, irregular heartbeat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Deficiency: Muscle
weakness, paralysis, mental
confusion, irregular heartbeat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fluid balance
Bone formation
Component of ATP,
which provides
energy for our bod |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Milk/cheese/yogurt,
soy milk and tofu,
legumes (lentils,
black beans), nuts
(almonds, peanuts
and peanut butter),
poultry |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Toxicity: Muscle spasms,
convulsions, low blood
calcium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Deficiency: Muscle
weakness, muscle damage,
bone pain, dizziness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fluid balance
Transmission of
nerve impulses
Component of
stomach acid (HCl)
Antibacterial |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
AI:
Adults: 2.3 g/day
(2,300 mg/day) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Deficiency: dangerous
blood acid–base
imbalances, irregular
heartbeat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Primary component
of bone
Acid–base balance
Transmission of
nerve impulses
Muscle contraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
RDA:
Adults aged 19–50 and
men aged 51–70: 1,000
mg/day
Women aged 51–70 and
adults aged >70: 1,200
mg/day
UL for adults 19–50:
2,500 mg/day
UL for adults aged 51
and above: 2,000 mg/day |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Milk/yogurt/cheese
(best-absorbed form of
calcium), sardines,
collard greens and
spinach,
calciumfortified juices |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Mineral
imbalances, shock, kidney
failure, fatigue, mental
confusion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Osteoporosis,
convulsions, heart failure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Component of bone
Muscle contraction
Assists more than
300 enzyme
systems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
RDA:
Men aged 19–30: 400
mg/day
Men aged >30: 420
mg/day
Women aged 19–30:
310 mg/day
Women aged >30: 320
mg/day
UL: 350 mg/day |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Greens (spinach, kale,
collard greens), whole
grains, seeds, nuts,
legumes (navy and
black beans) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Deficiency: Low blood
calcium, muscle spasms
or seizures, nausea,
weakness, increased risk
for chronic diseases (such
as heart disease,
hypertension,
osteoporosis, and type 2
diabetes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Component of
certain
B-vitamins and
amino acids
Acid–base balance
Detoxification in liver |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much calcium a day do adults and older adults need |
|
Definition
| 1000mg a day and 1200mg a day for older |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of trace minerals |
|
Definition
• Required in amounts of less than 100 mg/day
• Body contains less than 5 g
• Eight trace minerals are essential for human health |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Development and
maintenance of
healthy teeth and
bones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Component of
haemoglobin in
blood cells
Component of
myoglobin in muscle
cells
Assists many
enzyme systems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Adult men: 8
mg/day
Women aged 19–
50: 18 mg/day
Women aged >50:
8 mg/day |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Iron-deficiency microcytic anemia (small red
blood cells), hypochromic anemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Assists many
enzyme systems
Synthesis of protein
found in bone and
cartilage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Assists more than
100 enzyme
systems
Growth and sexual
maturation
Gene regulation
Immune system
function |
|
|
Term
| Zinc really helps with the immune |
|
Definition
Immune system function
Zinc |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Growth retardation, delayed sexual maturation, eye and skin lesions, hair loss, increased
incidence of illness and infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Glucose transport
Metabolism of DNA
and RNA
Immune function
and growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Assists many enzyme systems
Iron transport |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Synthesis of thyroid hormones
Temperature
Regulation
Reproduction and
growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Deficiency: Goiter,
hypothyroidism, cretinism in
infant of mother who is iodine
deficient |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| may be an overall enlargement of the thyroid, or it may be the result of irregular cell growth that forms one or more lumps (nodules) in the thyroid. |
|
|
Term
| Absorption of micronutrients depends on numerous factors |
|
Definition
– Chemical form (e.g., absorption of heme iron from meats, fish, poultry is 25% whereas non-heme iron from plant products is 3-5%
– Numerous factors in foods bind micronutrients and prevent absorption
– Other nutrients within a meal alter absorption |
|
|
Term
| Eating a variety of foods provides many other nutrients |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
• Adequate intake of these minerals has been associated
with lowered disease risk |
|
Definition
– Vitamin D and colon cancer
– Vitamin E and complications of diabetes
– Vitamin K and osteoporosis
– Calcium and hypertension
– Chromium and type 2 diabetes in older adults
– Magnesium and muscle wasting in older adults
– Selenium and certain types of cancer |
|
|
