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| minerals that dissociate into ions (conduct electricity), regulate blood pH and BP |
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| Filter sodium out of blood, return exact amt back in loop of henle |
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99% in bones, CaPO4 in bone matrix
1% of Ca is in fluids |
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| Muscle contractions, nerve transmissions, clotting blood, secretion (hormones, enzymes, NT), Cofactor for enzymes |
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| Too much calcium in blood |
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Definition
If blood concentration remains high, develop calcium rigor
Muscles are unable to relax
Kidney stones develop |
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Definition
Intestines increase Ca2+ absorption
Bones release more Ca2+
Kidneys excrete less Ca2+
If blood concentration remains low, develop calcium tetany
Uncontrolled muscle contractions
Intermittent contractions due to nerve & muscle excitability |
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| Chronic calcium deficiency |
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Definition
| does NOT affect blood concentration, depletes bone Ca2+ |
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Bones reach peak mass ~30 years old
Best to build up peak bone mass before 30, to minimize future problems
Can lose as much as 15% after |
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| Why women get more osteoporosis |
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Definition
) Consume about 1/2 as much Ca2+ as men
2) Typically have smaller body size & smaller bones
3) Bone loss begins earlier than men, and accelerates after menopause |
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Consume sufficient Ca2+, Phosphorus, Mg, Flouride, Vitamin D
Exercise
Strengthens bones, promotes mineral deposition |
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| increased BP = HYPERTENSION |
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Adolescents = 1,300 mg/day
Men & Women 19-50 = 1 g/day (1,000 mg)
Men >50 = 1,200 mg/day
Women >50 = 1,500 mg/day |
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| 2-3 cups of milk, aided by vitamin D which increases production of calcium binding protein |
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| In extracellular fluid, maintains water-electrolyte balance, necessary fo MUSCLE CONTRACTION AND NERVE TRANSMISSION |
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| Hypertension, chronic kidney disease, diabetes, obesity |
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Minimum requirement = 500 mg/day
AI Adults (19-50) = 1,500 mg/day
51-70 yrs = 1,300 mg/day
>70 = 1,200 mg/day
UL = 2,300 mg/day (6 g/salt = 1 tsp salt) |
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Definition
Major anion in extracellular fluids
Maintains electrolyte to balance
Stomach acid (HCl)
Source: Salt
No maximum established
Minimum = 750 mg/day |
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Definition
INTRAcellular fluid- balance electrolytes
KEEPS HEARTBEAT STEADY |
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Definition
Abnormal loss due to diabetic acidosis, dehydration, prolonged diarrhea
From medical uses – diuretics (lose water), steroids (prednisone), cathartics (strong laxatives)
Symptom: Muscle weakness |
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Minimum = 2,000 mg/day
AI = 4,700 mg/day (adults)
fruits & veggies, legumes, unprocessed meats |
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85% is in bones and teeth
Buffer in all cells (phosphoric acid)
Essential for structures of DNA, RNA, ATP
Phospholipids membranes |
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About half of magnesium in bones
Muscles, heart, liver
1% in body fluids
Directly involved in protein synthesis
Necessary cofactor for hundreds of enzymes
Muscle relaxation |
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Definition
Often from vomiting, diarrhea, protein malnutrition (PEM), alcohol abuse
Also from long intravenous feedings post surgery
Severe – tetany, hallucinations
Farmers give cows salt blocks in the spring to prevent tetany |
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| Food Sources of Magnesium |
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Definition
Intakes are about ¾ of recommended for Americans (men & women)
Hard water (Ca2+, Mg2+)
Dark green leafy veggies, nuts, legumes, whole grains, seafood, cocoa & chocolate |
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Necessary for certain amino acids in proteins
Involved in disulfide bridges hold 3D shape of proteins
Food: from proteins in diet (example - egg whites) |
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Trace mineral, In heme groups of hemoglobin (RBC) & myoglobin (muscle)
Part of many enzymes
Needed to make new cells, amino acids, hormones, neurotransmitters
Highly conserved by body
When RBC dies, iron is incorporated into new RBC
Only tiny amounts in sweat and urine |
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| Iron Absorption and Storage |
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Definition
Only 10-15% of Fe in diet is absorbed due to a mucosal block = prevents toxicity
If one is iron-deficient, absorption increases
Iron is stored in liver & bone marrow (RBC synthesis)
Storage proteins = ferretin, hemosiderin |
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protein that binds to Fe in intestines
Extra iron is held in intestinal cells unless needed |
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carries Fe through blood
Only the amount of Fe needed by body is what is absorbed |
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| Made by liver, High hepcidin levels cause less iron absorption by intestine |
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Most common nutrient deficiency worldwide
Affects more than one billion people
Especially children and women of childbearing age (WCA)
WCA lose blood monthly in menstruation
WCA can have pregnancy further demands
Infants receive iron from breast milk (another demand)
Often those with high sugar and fat intakes do not get enough Fe
Anemia – severe deficiency
Can not make hemoglobin |
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| Other symptoms of Iron Deficiency |
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Definition
fatigue during exertion, weakness, headache, apathy, pallor
May also affect behavior
Example) children irritable, restless, unable to concentrate
Pica – tendency to eat non-nutritive substances (ice, clay, paste) |
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Definition
1) [hemoglobin]
Normal Man >13.5 g/100 ml
Normal Woman >12 g/100 ml
2) hematocrit = %RBC in whole blood
Normal Man >41%
Normal Woman >36% |
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– iron overload
Get deposits of Fe-containing pigments in tissues
Tissue damage
Usually caused by genetic deficiency
Other causes – repeated blood transfusions, massive doses of iron supplements |
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| Symptoms of Iron Overload |
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Definition
Symptoms – apathy, lethargy, fatigue
Similar to deficiency unwise to start Fe supplements without extensive testing
Hemoglobin tests alone won’t detect (Fe is in tissues)
Tissue damage, especially to liver
More prone to infections (bacteria thrive on iron-rich blood)
Increased risk of diabetes, liver cancer, heart disease, arthritis |
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Appears more commonly in men (2X as common as iron-deficiency)
Symptoms appear earlier in men than women |
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RDAs = Men (≥19) = 8 mg/day
Women (19-50) = 18 mg/day
Women (≥51) = 8 mg/day |
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Balanced diet provides 6-7 mg Fe per 1,000 Cal
Most men eat more than 2,000 Cal/day
Men get RDA easily
Childbearing age women need more (18 mg/day)
Usually consume less than 2,000 Cal/day |
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most easily absorbed (10-times easier)
Bound to hemoglobin & myoglobin in meats, fish, poultry
Found in smaller amounts in foods
But up to 23% gets absorbed |
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less absorbable
Only 2-20% of non-heme iron gets absorbed
Accounts for most iron in the diet
Veggies, grains, eggs, meat, fish, poultry |
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meat, fish, poultry
Enhances absorption of both heme iron and non-heme iron from foods eaten at the same time |
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| increases iron absorption 2-3X when eaten in the same meal |
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| Things that interfere with iron absorption |
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Definition
Coffee & tea interfere with iron absorption due to tannins
Phytates in legumes & whole grains also inhibit iron and zinc absorption |
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Need very small amounts
Part of thyroid hormones (regulate body temps, metabolic rate, reproduction, growth, making blood cells, nerve and muscle function) |
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Iodine Deficiency
simple goiter if visible
Can also get from eating too much cabbage (rare 4% of all)
Has thyroid antagonist (goitrogen)
Can also cause sluggishness, weight gain
Can have severe effects on fetus if mother is deficient |
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Iron Deficiency
irreversible physical and mental retardation
Can have IQ as low as 20 (100 is normal) |
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Ocean is major source of iodine
Seafood, sea water, even sea mist in air
In land, depends on amount of iodine in soil, which would be taken up by plants
Iodized table salt is now a major source |
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Strengthens bones & teeth
Makes teeth more resistant to decay
Deficiency = when fluoride is not in water supply, increased incidence of tooth decay
To prevent, municipal water has 1 ppm fluoride |
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Fluoridated drinking water is largest source
If water is too high in fluoride, can cause fluorosis
Mottled enamel, pitting, some yellowing of teeth
Fluoride toothpastes & oral rinses
Toddler toothpastes lack fluoride, so that they are safe to swallow until toddler learns to spit |
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Definition
Cofactor for more than 200 enzymes with a wide range of functions
Assists immune function (Example) Zicam and other cold remedies)
Affects behavior & learning performance
Needed to produce active form of vitamin A |
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Definition
binds extra zinc to intestinal cells
zinc status effects how much absorbed
If more is needed, more absorbed
Albumin carries zinc through blood stream |
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Dwarfism (severe growth retardation)
Responds to Zn+ supplements
Arrested sexual maturationI
Also responds to Zn+ supplements
Impairs immune function
Loss of appetite
May lead to growth & developmental disorders during pregnancy
Most vulnerable in US = pregnant women, young children, elderly and poor
Vegetarians at risk due to phytate in legumes |
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Zinc Toxicity - Intestinal cells make large amounts of metallothionein
Captures copper so it can’t be absorbed |
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Abundant in high protein foods – shellfish, meats, liver
Good sources – milk, eggs, whole grain products (if you eat large amounts)
Breast milk is a good source for infants
Supplements not recommended |
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Part of antioxidant enzyme called glutathione peroxidase
Prevents free radical formation
Works together with Vitamin E
Also required for thyroid hormones
Studies underway to see if it can protect vs. cancer (uncertain) |
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Deficiency in Selenium
heart disease in children & young women
Certain parts of China (soil low in selenium) |
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vomiting, diarrhea, loss of hair and nails, lesions of skin
Foods = widely found in meats and shellfish
Veggies & grains grown in Se–rich soil |
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1/4 of Cu+ found in muscles
1/4 found in liver, brain and blood
Functions:
Component of several enzymes
Involved in hemoglobin formation
Manufacture of collagen
Healing wounds
Helping cells use iron |
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| very rare, high amounts of zinc can interfere with copper absorption |
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| rare, due to genetic disorders, not too much in diet |
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Involved in carbohydrate & lipid metabolism
Enhances activity of insulin |
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diabetes–like condition with insulin tolerance & elevated blood glucose
Findings are conflicting as to whether supplements can improve glucose or insulin response in diabetics |
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