Term
| Biological Functions of Vitamin A |
|
Definition
| Synthesis of rhodopsin; other light receptor pigments, growth, cell differentiation, Bone Development, Immune Function, Skin, mucus membrane formation and maintenance |
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Term
| Deficiency Syndrome and signs of Vitamin A |
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Definition
| poor Dark adaptation; Night Blindness; Xerosis; Keratomalacia; Xeroderma; Bitots spots; Increased susceptibility to infection |
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Term
| Major Food sources for Vitamin A |
|
Definition
Liver; fortified dairy products; butter
Carotenoid precursors: Sweet potato, carrots, spinach, squash, greens, broccoli, cantaloupe |
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Term
|
Definition
| Nauseau; Irritability; Blurred Vision; Weakness; Headache; liver damage; hair Loss; Dry Skin; Birth Defects |
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Term
| What is significant about Vitamin A |
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Definition
| It is only found in animal products and fortified products |
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Term
| Biological functions of Vitamin E |
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Definition
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Term
| Deficiencies of Vitamin E |
|
Definition
Infants: anemia
Adults: Neuropathy (nerve weakness), myopathy (muscle weakness) |
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Term
| Major Food Sources for Vitamin E |
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Definition
| Vegetables seed oils; Whole Grains; Wheat Germ; Nuts and Seeds; Eggs; Leafy Green Vegetables; Tomatoes |
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Term
|
Definition
| Increases blood clotting time |
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Term
| Significant findings in regards to Vitamin E |
|
Definition
8 forms exist with varying degrees of strength
Many adults have non-optimal blood levels
Destroyed by heat and light |
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Term
| Biological Functions of Vitamin D |
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Definition
| Regulator of bone mineral metabolism; Blood calcium homeostasis; Cell differentiation, proliferation, growth |
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Term
| Deficiencies of Vitamin D |
|
Definition
Children: rickets
Adults: Osteomalacia |
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Term
| Major Food sources of Vitamin D |
|
Definition
Fortified Milk
Synthesized in skin with UV light exposure |
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Term
|
Definition
| Abnormal bone growth and formation; Irritability; Nausea, diarrhea; Weight loss; Deposition of calcium in organs: kidneys, liver, heart |
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Term
| Additional findings in regards to Vitamin D |
|
Definition
Current DRI may be too low - may increase by 50-100%
Vit D supplements for breastfed infants
Vit D deficiency has increased in recent years
Vit D deficiency increases with age because of less UV exposure |
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Term
| Biological functions of Vitamin K |
|
Definition
Activates blood clotting factors by carboxylating glutamic acid residues
Helps incorporate calcium into bones |
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Term
|
Definition
| Bleeding, bruising decrease in calcium in bones |
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Term
| Major food sources for Vitamin K |
|
Definition
| Leafy green vegetables; Grain products; Synthesized by gut bacteria - provides significant portion of required Vitamin K |
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Term
|
Definition
| Only with excessive consumption of synthetic forms |
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Term
| Additional findings in regards to Vitamin K |
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Definition
Injections of Vit K given to newborn infants due to sterile intestinal environment
Deficiency may be induced by long-term (months or more)use of antibiotics |
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Term
| Additional findings in regards to Vitamin K |
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Definition
Injections of Vit K given to newborn infants due to sterile intestinal environment
Deficiency may be induced by long-term (months or more)use of antibiotics |
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Term
| Biological functions of Thiamin (B1) |
|
Definition
| Metabolism of CHO, alchol, some AA; Growth/maintenance of nerve and muscle tissue |
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Term
| Deficiency and syndromes of Thiamin |
|
Definition
| Beriberi (body doesn't have enough thiamin) - fatigue, weakness, Nerve disorders; swelling/edema; Heart irregularity/failure; Anorexia; Imparied Growth |
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Term
| Major Food sources of Thiamin (B1) |
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Definition
| Grains/grain products/cereal; pork; ham; liver; milk; cheese; yogurt; beans; nuts; seeds |
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Term
|
Definition
| Alcoholics at risk for deficiency |
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Term
| Biological functions for Riboflavin (B2) |
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Definition
| Metabolism of CHO, PRO, FAT; Cell division; Growth/tissue repair; Vision; electron transfer reactions |
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Term
| Deficiency syndrome of Riboflavin (B2) |
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Definition
| Cheilosis (disorder of the lips); glossitis (inflammation of the tongue); Reddened lips; Cracks at both corners of mouth; Fatigue; Photophobia |
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Term
| Major food sources of Riboflavin (B2) |
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Definition
| Grains/grain products/cereal; liver; fish; beef; milk; cheese; yougurt; eggs |
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Term
| Toxicity of Riboflavin (B2) |
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Definition
| None known - Rapid urinary excretion |
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Term
| Additional findings for Riboflavin (B2) |
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Definition
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Term
| Biological functions of Niacin (B3) |
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Definition
| metabolism of CHO, AA, FAT; Fatty Acid synthesis; Nervous system function; (electron transfer reactions) |
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Term
| Deficiency syndrome of Niacin (B3) |
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Definition
| Pellegra (vit deficiency); Diarrhea; Dermatitis; Mental confusion; dementia; fatigue |
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Term
| Major food sources for Niacin (B3) |
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Definition
| Grains/grain products/cereal; all types of meat, milk, cheese, yogurt, beans, nuts, coffee, potatoes |
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Term
| Toxicity that affects Niacin (B3) |
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Definition
| Flushing, headache, cramps, rapid heartbeat, nausea/diarrhea, decrease in liver function |
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Term
| Additional findings in regards to Niacin (B3) |
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Definition
| increase in dose (therapeutic) raise HDL - precursor is tryptophan |
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Term
| Biological functions of Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) |
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Definition
| AA, glucose, fatty acid metabolism; Neurotransmitter synthesis; Red Blood cell formation; Synthesis of lipids in nervous/immune systems; Conversion of tryptophan to niacin |
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Term
| Deficiencies and syndromes of Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) |
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Definition
| Dermatitis; Glossitis; Convulsions; Muscular weakness; Anemia; Kidney stones; Irritability; Depression |
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Term
| Major food sources for Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) |
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Definition
| Oatmeal; bread; cereals; All types of meat; milk, beans, bananas, avocadoes, prunes, tomatoes, potatoes |
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Term
| Toxicity that affects Vitamin B6 |
|
Definition
| Bone pain, muscular weakness, Numbness, loss of balance; mimics MS |
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Term
| Biological functions of Pantothenic Acid |
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Definition
| Metabolism of CHO, FATS, Protein metabolism |
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Term
| Deficiency syndromes affecting Pantothenic Acid |
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Definition
| Fatigue; Sleep disturbances; Numbness; Impaired coordination; Vomiting; Nausea |
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Term
| major food sources of Pantothenic acid |
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Definition
| Variety of foods from all food groups |
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Term
| Toxicity affecting Pantothenic Acid |
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Definition
| None known - rapid urinary excretion |
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Term
| Biological functions of Biotin |
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Definition
| Required by enzymes involved in FAT, PRO, glycogen metabolism |
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Term
| Deficiency syndromes/signs for Biotin |
|
Definition
| Anorexia, nausea, Glossitis, Dry Scaly dermatitis, Depression, Hair Loss, Muscular Pain |
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Term
| Major food sources of Biotin |
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Definition
| Grains and cereals; meats, beans, cooked eggs, vegetables; Synthesized by intestinal microflora |
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Term
|
Definition
| None known - rapid urinary excretion |
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Term
| Additional comments in regards to Biotin |
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Definition
| Deficiency rare - excess consumption of raw eggs may induce deficiency |
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Term
| Biological functions of Folate (folacin, folic acid) |
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Definition
| Conversion of homocysteine to methionine; Coenzyme in DNA synthesis; Formation of RBC (one carbon transfer) |
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Term
| Deficiency syndrome/signs of Folate (floacin, folic acid) |
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Definition
| Megaloblastic anemia; Diarrhea; Weakness; Irritability; Red sore tongue; Increased serum homocysteine; Neural tube defects; Increased risk of heart disease |
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Term
| Major Food sources of Folate (folacin, folic acid) |
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Definition
| Fortified grain products, Dark green leafy vegetables: Broccoli, brussels sprouts, Oranges, bananas, grapefruit, milk, cheese, yogurt, beans |
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Term
| Toxicity of Folate (folacin, folic acid) |
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Definition
| Can mask signs of B12 deficiency |
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Term
| Comments in regards to Folate (folacin, folic acid) |
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Definition
| Synthetic form better absorbed than naturally occurring folates |
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Term
| Biological functions of Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) |
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Definition
| Coenzyme in DNA, RNA, myelin synthesis; Conversion of nomocysteine to methionine (methylation); Formation of RBC |
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Term
| Deficiency syndromes/signs for Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) |
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Definition
| Pernicious anemia: megaloblastic anemia; degeneration of peripheral nerves; Tingling; Glossitis; Skin hypersensitivity; increased serum homocysteine; Fatigue |
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Term
| Major food sources of Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) |
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Definition
| Animal products, meats, shellfish, eggs, milk and milk products, fortified cereals |
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Term
| Toxicity of Vitamin b12 (cobalamin) |
|
Definition
| None known: rapid urinary excretion, decreased absorption |
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|
Term
| Additional comments of Vitamin B12 |
|
Definition
Deficiency may be fairly common - up to 40% in adults
Older adults may have decreased absorption due to decreased intrinsic factor and pepsin produced in the stomach |
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Term
| biological functions associated with Vitamin C |
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Definition
| Cofactor in hydroxylating enzyes: collagen synthesis; Antioxidant conversion of Fe3 to Fe 2; Synthesis of: neurotransmitters, steroid hormones, carnitine |
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Term
| Deficiency syndromes/signs associated with Vitamin C |
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Definition
| Scurvy - bleeding easy bruising, poor wound healing, slow recovery from infections |
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Term
| Major food sources for Vitamin C |
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Definition
| Citrus fruit/juice; papaya, strawberries, cantaloupe, broccolli, brussel sprouts, green pepper, cabbage, tomatoes, asparagus, potatoes |
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Term
| Toxicity associated with Vitamin C |
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Definition
| 1g or more daily may cause nausea, cramps, diarrhea - increased risk of kidney stones |
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Term
| Additional comments associated with Vitamin C |
|
Definition
Deficiency may be as high as 24% of adults
increase need in smokers
easily destroyed by heat/exposure to air
Supplements may decrease duration and symptoms of cold |
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Term
| What are some biological factors associated with Calcium |
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Definition
| Structural component: Bones and teeth; Cellular processes; Muscle Contraction; Blood clotting; Enzyme activation/cofactor roles: Kinases, ATPase, cyclase, adenylate |
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Term
| Defeciency signs and syndromes for Calcium |
|
Definition
Rickets: Children
Ostomalacia: Adults
Osteoporosis: Adults
Stunted Growth: Children
Tetany (increased action potential, muscle twitching)
Convulsions |
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Term
| Major food sources for calcium |
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Definition
| Milk, milk products, Sardines with bones; Oysters, Turnip, mustard greens, broccoli, other green leafy vegetables; Legumes (beans, peas, lentils); dried fruits; calcium fortified foods |
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Term
|
Definition
| Drowsiness; Calcium deposits in kidneys, liver, other tissues; Suppression of bone remodeling; Decreased Zn absorption |
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|
Term
| Additional findings in regards to Ca |
|
Definition
Avg US intake is 60% of DRI
25% of women and 13% of men develop osteoporosis |
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Term
| Biological functions of phosphorus |
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Definition
| Structural Component: Bones, teeth; Structural Component: Cell membranes, Phospholipids, Nucleic Acids, ATP-ADP phosphate transferring system in cells: pH regulation, Acid-base balance, Enzyme co-factor roles: Activates enzymes in phosphorylation and dephosphorylation |
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Term
| Deficiency syndromes and signs for Phosphorus |
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Definition
| Rickets, osteomalacia, loss of appetite, Nausea, vomiting, Weakness, Confusion, Loss of Calcium from bones |
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Term
| Major food sources of Phosphorous |
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Definition
| meat, poultry, fish, eggs, milk, milk products, nuts, legumes (beans, peas, lentils), grains, cereals (whole grain) |
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|
Term
| Toxicity in regards to Phosphorous |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Additional findings in regards to Phosphorous |
|
Definition
| Deficiency is usually due to disease processes rather than low dietary intake |
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Term
| Biological functions of Magnesium |
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Definition
| Structural Component: Bones, Nerve impulse transmission; Protein synthesis; Enzyme cofactor roles: Phosphokinase; ATP dependent enzyme reactions (phosphate transfer) |
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Term
| Deficiency syndromes and signs for magnesium |
|
Definition
| Neuromuscular hyperexcitability; Muscle weakness, tetany (muscle excitation); Stunted growth: Children |
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Term
| Major food sources for magnesium |
|
Definition
| Nuts; Legumes (beans, peas, lentils); whole grain cereals; Leafy green vegetables, Coffee, Milk |
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Term
|
Definition
| Diarrhea; Dehydration; Impaired nerve activity (disrupted utilization of Ca) |
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Term
| Where is the majority of magnesium found and what is unfortunate about the U.S. |
|
Definition
Average U.S. intake below RDA value
Most magnesium found in plant foods attached to chlorophyll |
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Term
| biological functions of Chromium? |
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Definition
| Normal use of blood glucose- Normal insulin function |
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Term
| Deficiency syndromes and signs for Chromium |
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Definition
| Glucose intolerance; Metabolism abnormalities: Glucose, lipids, increase in serum TG; Weight loss |
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Term
| Major food sources for Chromium |
|
Definition
| Mushrooms, Prunes, Asparagus, Organ meats, Whole grain breads and cereals, beer, wine |
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Term
| Toxicity with respect to Chromium |
|
Definition
| Kidney damage; Skin Damage |
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Term
| What are the statistics with respect to Chromium and the U.S. |
|
Definition
| Research not complete on deficiency in US - may be more prevalent than previously thought |
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Term
| Biological factors associated with Zinc |
|
Definition
energy metabolism; metabolism; Protein synthesis (DNA-RNA polymerase); Collagen formation, Alcohol detoxification, CO2 elimination (Carbonic Anhydrase); Sexual maturation, Taste and smell functions, Enzyme cofactor roles:
Alkaline phoshpotase
Carboxypeptidase
Deoxythymidine Kinase
Carbonic Anhydrase |
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|
Term
| Deficiency syndromes and signs for Zinc |
|
Definition
| poor wound healing, Subnormal growth, Anorexia, Abnormal taste/smell, Changes in Skin, Hair, Nails; Retarded reproductive system development; Low Birth weight; pre-term delivery with maternal deficiency |
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|
Term
| Major food sources for Zinc |
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Definition
| Meats, Liver, Oysters, Whole Grains, Wheat germ, milk, Milk products (some but not that high) |
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|
Term
| Toxicity in regards to Zinc |
|
Definition
| Nausea, vomiting, Weakness, fatigue, increased susceptibility to infection; Copper deficiency; metallic taste in mouth, increase in serum lipids |
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Term
| What are some additional findings associated with Zinc? |
|
Definition
Better absorbed from meats than from plants
Marginal deficiency may be common
Zn supplements may decrease duration and severity of the common cold |
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Term
| Deficiencies syndromes/signs for Copper |
|
Definition
| Anemia, Neutropenia (abnormally low neutrophils), Bone abnormalities, growth retardation |
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Term
| Major food sources for copper |
|
Definition
| Liver, Shellfish, whole grains, legumes (beans, peas, lentils) nuts, seeds, eggs, meat, fish, potatoes |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Wilson's Disease: Excessive copper, accumulation in liver/kidneys, Vomiting, diarrhea, Tremors, Liver Disease |
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|
Term
| Additional findings in regards to copper |
|
Definition
Average US intake below DRI
Toxicity can result from copper pipes and cooking pans |
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Term
| Biological functions associated with iron |
|
Definition
Component of hemoglobin and myoglobin (O2 transport, cellular use of O2)
Enzyme co-factor |
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|
Term
| What are the deficiency syndromes/signs associated with Iron? |
|
Definition
| Fatigue, Anemia, Palpitations, Sore Tongue, Angular Stomatitis (inflammation of the mucous lining in the mouth), dysphagia (difficulty swallowing); decreased resistance to infection, mental retardation, development delay in children |
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|
Term
| Major food sources of Iron |
|
Definition
| Organ meats, meat, nuts, seeds, legumes (beans, peas, lentils); green leafy vegetables, dried fruits, whole grain breads/cereals, pasta (fortified), other fortified products, molasses |
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|
Term
| Problems associated with Iron toxicity |
|
Definition
Hemochromatosis (Vomiting, abdominal pain, blue coloration of skin)
Liver and heart diseases
Diabetes
Decreased Zn absorption
Atherosclerosis in older adults |
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|
Term
| Additional findings associated with Iron |
|
Definition
Iron deficiency is the most common nutritional deficiency in the world
Avg. intake for US women and children is low
Vitamin C, meat and alcohol increase absorption |
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Term
| Biological functions associated with Selenium |
|
Definition
Antioxidant along with Vit E
Protects cells against destruction by hydrogen peroxide and free radicals
Thyroid hormone production
Enzyme co-factors:
Glutathione peroxidase
5-deiodinase |
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|
Term
| Deficiencies and syndromes associated with Selenium |
|
Definition
Myaglia (Beck disease: joint/articulation growth)
Cardiac myopathy (Keshan disease: heart failure)
Increase cell fragility
Pancreatic degeneration |
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|
Term
| Major food sources associated with Selenium |
|
Definition
| Grains, meat, poultry, fish, dairy products, eggs |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Selenosis: hair, fingernail loss, weakness, liver damage, irritability, garlic or metallic breath |
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|
Term
| Additional comments associated with selenium |
|
Definition
Content in foods very sensitive to content in soil, water, and animal foods
May play a role in prevention of some types of cancer |
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|
Term
| Biological functions associated with Sodium |
|
Definition
Water, pH, electrolyte regulation, Nerve Transmission, Muscle contraction
Enzyme cofactors:
Na/K atpase |
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|
Term
| Deficiency signs and syndromes for Sodium |
|
Definition
| Anorexia, nausea, Muscle Atrophy, poor growth, Weight loss |
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|
Term
| major food sources associated with Sodium |
|
Definition
Table salt, Processed Foods, Cured Foods, Meat, seafood, processed meats high in sodium
Cheese, Milk, Bread, Canned Vegetables, Salad Dressings |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Increased blood pressure in susceptible people
Kidney disease
Heart problems |
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|
Term
| Additional findings in regards to Sodium |
|
Definition
Abundant in most processed foods except fruits
Not abundant naturally in foods (added in processing for taste and preservation) |
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|
Term
| Biological functions for Potassium |
|
Definition
Water, pH, electrolyte balance
Cell membrane transfer
Enzyme co-factors:
Na/K ATPase
Pyruvate kinase |
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|
Term
| Deficiencies signs and syndromes for Potassium |
|
Definition
| Muscle Weakness, mental Apathy, Cardiac Arrhythmias, Paralysis, Bone Fragility |
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|
Term
| Major food sources associated with Potassium |
|
Definition
Banana, orange, peach
Dried Fruits
Beans, Tomatoes, Whole grains
Most plant foods have some potassium
Meats, Milk, Milk products, Eggs |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Irregular heartbeat
Heart Attack |
|
|
Term
| Additional findings in regards to Potassium |
|
Definition
Diuretics may deplete potassium
Vomiting and diarrhea may deplete potassium
Processing can reduce content of vegetables |
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|
Term
| Biological functions of Chloride |
|
Definition
Primary anion
Maintains pH balance
Maintains fluid balance
Component of gastric hydrochloric acid
Enzyme activation |
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|
Term
| Deficiency Syndrome/signs of Chloride |
|
Definition
| Infants: Loss of appetite, failure to thrive, weakness, lethary, Hypokalemia, metabolic acidosis, poor appetite |
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|
Term
| major food sources for Chloride |
|
Definition
| Table salt (primary source), Meat, Seafood, Milk, Eggs |
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|
Term
| Problems arising from Chloride Toxicity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Additional comments in regards to Chloride |
|
Definition
| Excessive vomiting and diarrhea may cause deficiency |
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|
Term
| Biological functions associated with Fluoride |
|
Definition
| Maintenance of teeth and bone structure |
|
|
Term
| Deficiency Syndromes and signs for Fluoride |
|
Definition
Dental Caries (tooth decay)
Bone problems |
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|
Term
| Major food sources for Fluoride |
|
Definition
| Fluoridated drinking water, Meat, Fish, Legumes (beans, peas, lentils) Grains, Tea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fluorosis, Brittle Bones, Mottled Teeth, Nerve Abnormalities |
|
|
Term
| Additional comments in regards to Fluoride |
|
Definition
| Ingestion of fluoridated toothpaste may cause overdose |
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