A measurement of the amount of energy associated with different foods is a ____________________.

Generally, cells can only use energy in the form of ____________________.

The three macronutrients that the body metabolizes for energy are ____________________, ____________________, and ____________________.

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids

The micronutrients that are associated with plant foods are called ____________________.

____________________ is considered a nutrient even though it contains no calories, macronutrients, or micronutrients.

Micronutrients that serve as the organic chemical precusors of many coenzymes are ____________________.

Nutrients that must be consumed in the diet are called ____________________.

Inorganic substances involved with electrolyte balance, hemoglobin formation, and thyroid homone production are ____________________.

____________________ is a visualization of the importance of diet and exercise in wellness and was developed by the USDA.

The main caloric nutrient in the diet should be __carbohydrates________.

Most individuals should get not more than 30% of their calories from _____________

Generally, 10% to 15% of our calories should be from ____________________.

The monosaccharide of the blood that fuels most cells of the body is ____________________.

The monosaccharide of corn and fruits is ____________________.

The disaccharide of milk is ____________________.

The disaccharide of table sugar, sugar beets, and sugar frosted flakes is ____________________.

Generally, starch is broken down into trioses and ____________________.

____________________ is a polysaccharide from plants that can be digested by the human digestive system.

____________________ is the polysaccharide storage form of glucose in animals.

____________________ is a polysaccharide from plants that can NOT be digested by the human digestive system.

A soluble form of indigestible polysaccharides is ____________________.

An insoluble form of indigestible polysaccharides is ____________________.

____________________ amino acids are not formed quickly enough in children for protein synthesis so they must be included in the diet.

Human metabolism can NOT form the ____________________ amino acids.

Human metabolism can form the ____________________ amino acids.

The proteins from plant sources are considered to be ____________________ proteins because they lack one or more of the 8 essential amino acids.

The ____________________ rule refers to the formation of proteins only if all the amino acids required for its synthesis are available

The term ____________________ balance refers to a protein steady state, protein gain due to muscle formation, or protein loss due to muscle degeneration.

      The anabolic hormones ____________________ and ____________________ are especially active in skeletal muscle growth during puberty in both girls and boys.

The macronutrient triglycerides are formed from a 3 carbon molecule called____________________ and three ____________________.

The term____________________ means that molecules like triglycerides do not interact with water and remain separate in solution.

A(n) ____________________ fatty acid has one double bond and a ____________________ fatty acid has 2 or more double bonds.

A(n) ____________________ fatty acid does NOT have any double bonds.

Both ____________________ acid and ____________________ acid are essential fatty acids.

____________________ is a lipid that is NOT metabolized for energy.

The form of cholesterol that is considered good is _____________ because this lipoprotein transports cholesterol back to the liver.

The form of cholesterol that is considered bad is ________________ because this lipoprotein deposits cholesterol into the wall of blood vessels.

Vitamin D helps with absorption of ____________________.

Vitamin C and the B complex vitamins are ____________ soluble vitamins.

The fat soluble vitamins are vitamin _____, vitamin ___, vitamin ___, and vitamin ____.

__________ vitamins are more stable when exposed to heat but are more likely to lead to toxicity when consumed in excess because they are stored in adipose tissue.

_____________ vitamins are more labile when exposed to heat but are less likely to lead to toxicity when consumed in excess because they are excreted in urine.

________ serve as coenzymes in many metabolic reactions.

_________ are inorganic substances that are found in bone and serve as electrolytes in the blood.

____________ vitamins bind and inactivate free radicals and may delay cellular aging.

The main mineral of plasma and interstitial fluid is ____________________ and chloride.

The main mineral of the cytoplasm (intracellular fluid) is ____________________ which is balanced by polyvalent anions of proteins.

The main mineral needed for strong teeth and bones, skeletal muscle contraction, and neurotransmitter release is __________.

The mineral __________ is needed to form hemoglobin.

The mineral _________ is needed to form thyroid hormones.

A biochemical reaction involving the gain and loss of electrons is call a(n) ____________________ reaction.

The coenzymes ____________________ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and ____________________ (flavin adenine dinucleotide) are electron acceptors.

Formation of ATP can occur by direct attachment of phosphate to the molecule called ____________________ phosphorylation and ____________________ phosphorylation which involves passing electrons down the electron transport system.

The ____________________ produces reduced coenzymes through a cyclic process of sequential steps from joining oxaloacetic acid (OAA) to acetyl CoA.

____________________ is the initial process of glucose catabolism and involves the formation of two molecules of pyruvic acid in the presence of oxygen.

Energy releasing reactions are referred to as ____________________ metabolism if they require the presence of oxygen.

Energy releasing reactions that do NOT require the presence of oxygen are referred to as __________.

The chemical ____________________ is produced from glucose in the absence of oxygen.

The transitional phase (transfer reaction) brings pyruvic acid into the mitochondria as ____________________.

The ____________________ recaptures enegy of reduced coenzymes as ATP in the presence of oxygen.

The final electron acceptor in oxidative phosphorylation is ____________________.

Formation of "new" glucose from glycerol or amino acids is ____________________.

____________________ refers to the break down of glycogen.

____________________ refers to the formation of glycogen.

The break down of lipids in adipose tissue is ____________________.

The formation of lipids in adipose tissue is ____________________.

The liver produces ketones through ____________________ to help other tissues metabolize fatty acids.

The process of metabolizing fatty acids for energy is called ____________________.

The transfer of an amine from a non-essential amino acid to form a different non-essential amino acid is ____________________.

The process of metabolizing amino acids for energy is called ____________________.

Utilizing amino acids results in the production of the metabolic waste ____________________ from ammonia and carbon dioxide.

The liver produces most of the ____________________ proteins found in blood.

The liver processes molecules through ____________________ to generally render them less toxic.

The liver is involved with activation of vitamin ____________________.

The liver stores glucose in the form of ____________________.

The liver stores ____________________ attached to ferritin.

The lipoprotein ____________________ is referred to as “bad” cholesterol because it deposits cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood vessel wall.

The lipoprotein ____________________ is referred to as “good” cholesterol because it returns cholesterol and triglycerides to the liver.

Both ____________________ and ____________________ are hormones produced by pancreatic islets.

The hormone ____________________ is associated with the absorptive state and triggers the uptake of glucose by body cells.

The hormone ____________________ is associated with the postabsorptive state and triggers mechanisms to help conserve glucose and generate alternate metabolic pathways to maintain glucose levels.

The ____________________ is a measurement for overweight and obese that takes into account a person’s height and weight.

The ____________________ is the resting metabolism of an individual associated with limited energy expenditure.

initially inactive and exert no pharmacological effects until they are metabolized